Situational Awareness for Novel Epidemic Response
1.0.0 - STU Release
Situational Awareness for Novel Epidemic Response
1.0.0 - STU Release
This page is part of the Situational Awareness for Novel Epidemic Response (v1.0.0: STU 1) based on FHIR R4. This is the current published version. For a full list of available versions, see the Directory of published versions 
The measure group counting patients acquiring COVID-19 14 days or more after admission includes criteria that depends on the timing of two different events. It cannot be easily evaluated via a FHIR Query because FHIR Queries do not support complex join criteria (e.g., Observation.date - Observation.encounter.date > 14 days). Such criteria can be evaluated using FHIRPath Date/Time Arithmetic or CQL Date and Time Operators. Several measures consider dates and times that have a relative offset to the reporting period, or an event occurring during the reporting period.
The first step in describing the group is to identify it with a code. Measure developers will generally define the codes used for the measure groups they create.
* with group[1].code do
** coding = MeasureGroupSystem#AcquiredCovid
** coding.display = "Acquired COVID-19 in Hospital"
** text = "Hospital Onset COVID-19 Patient Encounters Reporting"
Each group must be described by the Measure Group Attributes extension to further describe the measure group content.
The first step in describing these attributes is to indicate how the measure is scored. This measure group is scored as an event growth measure because that reports both current and cumulative incidence. This supports reporting of the growth rate for hospital onset infections within a facility or region.
* with group[1].extension[groupAtts] do
** extension[scoring].valueCodeableConcept = http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/saner/CodeSystem/PublicHealthMeasureScoring#event-growth
Next, the measure describes the type of measure (e.g., structure, process or outcome). This measure is an outcome measure, representing the outcome of acquiring an infection while in the hospital.
** extension[type].valueCodeableConcept = http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-type#outcome
An indication of how the scoring system works is then provided (e.g., increase, decrease). Lower numbers are “better”, with regard to event growth for infections in this case.
** extension[improvementNotation].valueCodeableConcept = http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-improvement-notation#decrease
The type of resource associated with this measure expresses what to count for the measure implementer. For this case, it is a patients with an active inpatient or ED Encounter. This tells “what to count”. The ResourceType slice identifies the FHIR Resource which is likely being counted. The SNOMED slice can be used to provide a more fine grained code to describe the resource (e.g. a specific condition, medication, type of encounter, patient, practitioner, et cetera), and might be a code found or used to find resources based on the code field associated with it. This information is descriptive, rather than semantically exact content. It is meant to convey information to an implementer, rather than to automated systems.
** with extension[subject] do
*** valueCodeableConcept.coding[ResourceType] = http://hl7.org/fhir/resource-types#Patient
*** valueCodeableConcept.coding[Snomed] = #"116154003|Patient|: 20401003|With| = (840539006|Disease caused by 2019 novel coronavirus|: 246512002|Timing| = 277056009|Hospital Acquired|)"
*** valueCodeableConcept.coding[Snomed].display = "Patient where With = Disease caused by 2019 novel coronavirus where Timing = Hospital acquired"
*** valueCodeableConcept.text = "Hospital Acquired COVID-19"
NOTE: This measure counts Patients having hospital acquired COVID-19, thus Patient is the right code for ResourceType, and the post-coordinated SNOMED CT expresses the notion of a patient with hospital acquired COVID-19. Once again, the semantics need not be perfect, only illustrative to an implementer.
Finally, the method for aggregating scores is specified. Growth rate measures aggregate according to cumulative aggregation rules.
** extension[rateAggregation].valueString = "cumulative"
Each population for the measure is described. For this case, there are three populations, the Initial Population, a Numerator (the new infections), and a Denominator (the cumulative total).
Provide a code describing each population.
* with group[1].population[1].code do
** coding = http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/saner/CodeSystem/MeasuredValues#numC19HospPats
** coding.display = "Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients"
** coding[1] = http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-population#initial-population
** text = "Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 in an inpatient location"
* with group[1].population[2].code do
** coding = http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/saner/CodeSystem/MeasuredValues#numC19HOPats
** coding.display = "Hospital Onset COVID-19 Patients"
** coding[1] = http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-population#numerator
** text = "Hospital Onset COVID-19 Patients"
* with group[1].population[3].code do
** coding = http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/saner/CodeSystem/MeasuredValues#cumC19HOPats
** coding.display = "Cumulative Hospital Onset COVID-19 Patients"
** coding[1] = http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-population#denominator
** text = "Cumulative Hospital Onset COVID-19 Patients"
NOTE: The initial population for this measure group is identical to the population used for the first measure group. This is intentional, as that population will already have been evaluated and can be further refined to identify patients with hospital onset COVID-19.
Name the criteria and give a description for what qualifies to be included. NOTE: The description shall be given in detail for each population and provide enough information for a competent human reader to correctly implement the computation.
* with group[1].population[1].criteria do
** name = "NumC19HospPats"
** description = """Patients in the hospital in an inpatient setting with confirmed or suspected COVID-19"""
"""
* with group[1].population[2].criteria do
** name = "NumC19HOPats"
** description = """Filters the initial population by ruling out those patients whose first suspected or
confirmed diagnosis or lab result appears less than 14 days from admission."""
* with group[1].population[3].criteria do
** name = "CumC19HOPats"
** description = """Computes the cumulative total from the prior measure report and the number of new
infections detected in the current reporting period."""
The computable content “implements” the automated computation of the measure.
The first population includes patients in the hospital who are in an inpatient setting.
* with group[1].population[1].criteria do
** language = #text/fhirpath
** expression = "%NumC19Pats.where(location.location.resolve.type().memberOf(%InpatientLocations.url))"
The next population rules out patients whose first suspected or confirmed diagnosis or positive lab result was less than 14 days after admission, and not older than 14 days before admission. See the note on this latter two week period in the discussion for the prior measure group.
* with group[1].population[1].criteria do
// This expression will be reused to compute the value for the CumC19HOPats
// population so it must have a name.
** name = "NumC19HOPats"
** language = #text/fhirpath
** expression = """
Encounter.where(
iif(
// Rule out any encounter that is less than 14 days old.
period.start + 14 days > today(),
// return false to rule out this encounter.
false,
iif(
// Rule out patients who have a diagnosis of suspected or confirmed
// Covid prior between period.start - 14 days and period.start + 14 days
whereExists('Condition',
with('status').notEqualTo('refuted'|'entered-in-error'),
with('patient').equalTo($this.subject),
with('verificationStatus').notEqualTo('refuted'|'entered-in-error'),
with('date').greaterThan($this.period.start - 14 'days'),
with('date').lessThanOrEqualTo($this.period.start - 14 'days'),
with('code').in(%SuspectedOrConfirmedCOVID19Diagnoses.url)
).onServers(%Base),
// return false to rule out this encounter
false,
// Rule out remaining patients who have a positive lab result between
// period.start - 14 days and period.start + 14 days
whereExists('Observation',
with('status').equalTo('registered'|'preliminary'|'final'|'amended'|'corrected'),
with('patient').equalTo($this.subject),
with('date').greaterThan($this.period.start - 14 'days'),
with('date').lessThanOrEqualTo($this.period.start - 14 'days'),
with('code').in(%Covid19Labs.url)
with('value-concept').in(%PositiveResults.url)
).onServers(%Base).not()
)
)
)
// Resolve to patient to simplify stratification
.select(patient).resolve()
"""
Again, note the use of nested iif() calls and _count=1 in the query to ensure short-circuit evaluation. Also note that these queries are almost identical to the queries used in the first measure group.
* with group[1].population[2].criteria do
** name = "CumC19HOPats"
** language = #text/fhirpath
** expression = "iif(%PriorReport.empty(),0,%PriorReport.group[1].population[2].count) + %NumC19HOPats)"
NOTE: This expression simply returns a numeric value based on the previously reported value plus the number of new infections detected. Populations whose values are computed in this manner will not be able to report stratification data within the measure report for the cumulative total.
Stratification enables reporting by subgroups within a population. In this example, subgroups are created based on social determinants of health, such as age, race, ethnicity and gender. Reeporting on social determinant subgroups can show the negative impacts of membership in the subgroup on patient treatment. This measure is stratified by age group, race, ethnicity and gender to illustrate the use of stratification in a cumulative measure.
For this example, the population is stratified by orthogonal subgroups, i.e., a patient is a member of only on subgroup within the strata. However, subgroups need not be orthogonal. The expression in the criteria for a stratifier returns the list of subgroups to which the population member belongs.
Stratification by age group involves determining the age of the patient. There is no way to do arithmetic with two dates (to compute a difference), but a birth date plus an age can be compared to today’s date, and that’s sufficient. The codes used for age group come from the IHE_ADX_AgeRange code system, which derives its values from the ISO-8601 specification for durations.
* with group[1].stratifier[0] do
** code.text = "By Age Group"
** description = "Stratifies the population by Age Group"
** criteria.language = #text/fhirpath
** criteria.expression = """
Patient.select(
iif(birthDate + 20 years < today(), 'P0Y--P20Y',
iif(birthDate + 30 years < today(), 'P20Y--P30Y',
iif(birthDate + 40 years < today(), 'P30Y--P40Y',
iif(birthDate + 50 years < today(), 'P40Y--P50Y',
iif(birthDate + 60 years < today(), 'P50Y--P60Y',
iif(birthDate + 70 years < today(), 'P60Y--P70Y',
iif(birthDate + 80 years < today(), 'P70Y--P80Y', 'P80Y-P9999Y')
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
"""
Stratification by gender is straightforward. The expression simply returns Paient.gender
* with group[1].stratifier[1] do
** code.text = "By Gender"
** description = "Stratifies the population by Gender"
** criteria.name = "Gender"
** criteria.language = #text/fhirpath
** criteria.expression = "Patient.gender"
Stratification by ethnicity is also relatively straightforward, but requires use of US Core extensions and the FHIR defined extension() function.
* with group[1].stratifier[2] do
** code.text = "By Ethnicity"
** description = "Stratifies the population by Ethnicity"
** criteria.name = "Ethnicity"
** criteria.language = #text/fhirpath
** criteria.expression = """
Patient.extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-ethnicity-category').extension('ombCategory').valueCoding.code
"""
Stratification by Race is more complicated, because there are multiple possible combinations supporting reporting of up to 5 different race categories, a value for unknown, a value for asked but unknown, and the possibility that no value is provided whatsoever, giving 34 combinations in total. A common solution for reporting in these cases is to reduce the set to the 5 racial categories and unknown values, and add a new category to report ‘Mixed’ race.
* with group[1].stratifier[3] do
** code.text = "By Race"
** description = "Stratifies the population by Race"
** criteria.name = "Race"
** criteria.language = #text/fhirpath
** criteria.expression = """
Patient
.extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-core-race')
.extension('ombCategory')
.select(
iif(valueCoding.count() > 1,
'Mixed',
iif(valueCoding.system = 'http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/v3-NullFlavor',
'Unknown',
valueCoding.code
)
)
"""
Some states combine stratification Race and Ethnicity using similar criteria. For example, Massachusetts reports data to the public (but may have more detailed results) using the following categories:
The selection of appropriate categories for reporting is regionally sensitive, which suggests that reporting should be at a higher level of granularity. An alternate strategy is shown for this strata in the following group.
IG © 2020+ HL7 International Public Health Workgroup. Package hl7.fhir.uv.saner#1.0.0 based on FHIR 4.0.1. Generated 2021-09-07
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