This page is part of the FHIR Specification (v5.0.0: R5 - STU). This is the current published version. For a full list of available versions, see the Directory of published versions . Page versions: R5 R4B R4 R3 R2

6.2 Resource Consent - Content

Community Based Collaborative Care icon

Work Group

Maturity Level: 2

Trial Use

Security Category: Patient

Compartments: Patient

A record of a healthcare consumer’s choices or choices made on their behalf by a third party, which permits or denies identified recipient(s) or recipient role(s) to perform one or more actions within a given policy context, for specific purposes and periods of time.

6.2.1 Scope and Usage

The purpose of this Resource is to be used to express a Consent regarding Healthcare. There are four anticipated uses for the Consent Resource, all of which are written or verbal agreements by a healthcare consumer [grantor] or a personal representative, made to an authorized entity [grantee] concerning authorized or restricted actions with any limitations on purpose of use, and handling instructions to which the authorized entity must comply:

Privacy Consent Directive: Agreement, Restriction, or Prohibition to collect, access, use or disclose (share) information.
Medical Treatment Consent Directive: Consent to undergo a specific treatment (or record of refusal to consent).
Research Consent Directive: Consent to participate in research protocol and information sharing required.

This resource is scoped to cover all three uses, but at this time, only the privacy use case is fully modeled, others are being used but no formal modelling exists. The scope of the resource may change when the other possible scopes are investigated, tested, or profiled. HL7 is working on Advance Directives and would welcome participation by the community.

Usage of the Provenance icon resource may be the best way to manage the tracking of the changes to Consent. In addition, the DocumentReference icon may be used as an attachment to show the stages of consent ceremony with additional or updated document(s) attached at each stage. Contract icon may also be used in this fashion where as signatures are gathered or conditions applied, the Contract resource can be updated and attached to the Consent.

6.2.1.1 Simple vs. Computable Consent

In its simplest form, the Consent resource provides the means to record the content and the metadata of a consent (either implicit consent as an event or an explicit consent document). At this level of implementation, basic metadata about the Consent (e.g., status, data and time, patient, and organization) is recorded in the corresponding attributes of the Consent resource to enable consent discovery by indexing, searching, and retrieval of consents based on this metadata. The sourceAttachment and/or sourceReference elements can be used to record the original consent document either in the form of a pointer to another resource or in the form of an attachment.

In a more advanced usage of the Consent resource, in addition to recording the metadata and potentially the original content, the privacy preferences stated in the consent are encoded directly in the form of machine-readable rules. These rules can be processed by a decision engine to adjudicate whether the consent permits a specific given activity (e.g., sharing the patient information with a requester or enrolling the patient in a research project). In other words, the Consent resource is used directly to record rules that can be used by a rules engine to understand and enforce the preferences expressed by the consenter as they were intended.

The current version of the Consent resource provides two different mechanisms for recording computable rules:

the provision structure which provides a simple structure for capturing most common privacy rules.
the policyBasis attribute which provides a more flexible mechanism to reference a policy coded in a policy language of choice (e.g., XACML , ODRL , etc.).

6.2.2 Boundaries and Relationships

Consent management - particularly privacy consent - is complicated by the fact that consent to share is often itself necessary to protect. The need to protect the privacy of the privacy statement itself competes with the execution of the consent statement. For this reason, it is common to deal with 'consent statements' that are only partial representations of the full consent statement that the patient provided.

For this reason, the consent resource contains two elements that refer back to the source: an inline attachment and a direct reference to content from which this Consent Statement was derived. That reference can be one of several things:

A reference to another consent resource from which this limited statement was derived
A reference to a document format for the original source (e.g. PDF or CDA - see the HL7 CDAR2 ConsentDirective Implementation Guide , which incorporated the IHE Basic Patient Privacy Consents (BPPC) ), either directly, or in a reference
The source can be included in the consent as an attachment

The consent statements represent a chain that refers back to the original source consent directive. Applications may be able to follow the chain back to the source but should not generally assume that they are authorized to do this.

Consent Directives are executed by verbal acknowledgement or by being signed - either on paper, or digitally. Consent Signatures will be found in the Provenance resource. Implementation Guides will generally make rules about what signatures are required, and how they are to be shared and used.

6.2.3 Background and Context

The Consent resource is structured with a base policy (represented as Consent.decision) which is either permit or deny, followed by a listing of exceptions to that policy (represented as Consent.provision(s)). The exceptions can be additional positive or negative exceptions upon the base policy. The set of exceptions include a list of data objects, list of authors, list of recipients, list of Organizations, list of purposeOfUse, and Date Range.

The enforcement of the Privacy Consent Directive is not included but is expected that enforcement can be done using a mix of the various Access Control enforcement methodologies (e.g. OAuth, UMA, XACML). This enforcement includes the details of the enforcement meaning of the elements of the Privacy Consent Directive, such as the rules in place when there is an opt-in consent would be specific about which organizational roles have access to what kinds of resources (e.g. RBAC, ABAC). The specification of these details is not in scope for the Consent resource.

6.2.4 References to this Resource

Implements: Event
Resource References: itself and ResearchSubject

Structure

Name	Flags	Card.	Type	Description & Constraints
Consent	TU		DomainResource	A healthcare consumer's or third party's choices to permit or deny recipients or roles to perform actions for specific purposes and periods of time Elements defined in Ancestors: id, meta, implicitRules, language, text, contained, extension, modifierExtension
identifier	Σ	0..*	Identifier	Identifier for this record (external references)
status	?!Σ	1..1	code	draft \| active \| inactive \| not-done \| entered-in-error \| unknown Binding: Consent State (Required)
category	Σ	0..*	CodeableConcept	Classification of the consent statement - for indexing/retrieval Binding: Consent Category Codes (Example)
subject	Σ	0..1	Reference(Patient \| Practitioner \| Group)	Who the consent applies to
date	Σ	0..1	date	Fully executed date of the consent
period	Σ	0..1	Period	Effective period for this Consent
grantor	Σ	0..*	Reference(CareTeam \| HealthcareService \| Organization \| Patient \| Practitioner \| RelatedPerson \| PractitionerRole)	Who is granting rights according to the policy and rules
grantee	Σ	0..*	Reference(CareTeam \| HealthcareService \| Organization \| Patient \| Practitioner \| RelatedPerson \| PractitionerRole)	Who is agreeing to the policy and rules
manager		0..*	Reference(HealthcareService \| Organization \| Patient \| Practitioner)	Consent workflow management
controller		0..*	Reference(HealthcareService \| Organization \| Patient \| Practitioner)	Consent Enforcer
sourceAttachment		0..*	Attachment	Source from which this consent is taken
sourceReference		0..*	Reference(Consent \| DocumentReference \| Contract \| QuestionnaireResponse)	Source from which this consent is taken
regulatoryBasis		0..*	CodeableConcept	Regulations establishing base Consent Binding: Consent PolicyRule Codes (Example)
policyBasis		0..1	BackboneElement	Computable version of the backing policy
reference		0..1	Reference(Any)	Reference backing policy resource
url		0..1	url	URL to a computable backing policy
policyText		0..*	Reference(DocumentReference)	Human Readable Policy
verification	Σ	0..*	BackboneElement	Consent Verified by patient or family
verified	Σ	1..1	boolean	Has been verified
verificationType		0..1	CodeableConcept	Business case of verification Binding: Consent Vefication Codes (Example)
verifiedBy		0..1	Reference(Organization \| Practitioner \| PractitionerRole)	Person conducting verification
verifiedWith		0..1	Reference(Patient \| RelatedPerson)	Person who verified
verificationDate		0..*	dateTime	When consent verified
decision	?!Σ	0..1	code	deny \| permit Binding: Consent Provision Type (Required)
provision	Σ	0..*	BackboneElement	Constraints to the base Consent.policyRule/Consent.policy
period	Σ	0..1	Period	Timeframe for this provision
actor		0..*	BackboneElement	Who\|what controlled by this provision (or group, by role)
role		0..1	CodeableConcept	How the actor is involved Binding: Participation Role Type (Extensible)
reference		0..1	Reference(Device \| Group \| CareTeam \| Organization \| Patient \| Practitioner \| RelatedPerson \| PractitionerRole)	Resource for the actor (or group, by role)
action	Σ	0..*	CodeableConcept	Actions controlled by this provision Binding: Consent Action Codes (Example)
securityLabel	Σ	0..*	Coding	Security Labels that define affected resources Binding: Example set of Security Labels (Example)
purpose	Σ	0..*	Coding	Context of activities covered by this provision Binding: PurposeOfUse (Extensible)
documentType	Σ	0..*	Coding	e.g. Resource Type, Profile, CDA, etc Binding: Consent Content Class (Preferred)
resourceType	Σ	0..*	Coding	e.g. Resource Type, Profile, etc Binding: Resource Types (Extensible)
code	Σ	0..*	CodeableConcept	e.g. LOINC or SNOMED CT code, etc. in the content Binding: Consent Content Codes (Example)
dataPeriod	Σ	0..1	Period	Timeframe for data controlled by this provision
data	Σ	0..*	BackboneElement	Data controlled by this provision
meaning	Σ	1..1	code	instance \| related \| dependents \| authoredby Binding: Consent Data Meaning (Required)
reference	Σ	1..1	Reference(Any)	The actual data reference
expression		0..1	Expression	A computable expression of the consent
provision		0..*	see provision	Nested Exception Provisions
Documentation for this format

See the Extensions for this resource

UML Diagram (Legend)

XML Template

<Consent xmlns="http://hl7.org/fhir"> 
 <!-- from Resource: id, meta, implicitRules, and language -->
 <!-- from DomainResource: text, contained, extension, and modifierExtension -->
 <identifier><!-- 0..* Identifier Identifier for this record (external references) --></identifier>
 <status value="[code]"/><!-- 1..1 draft | active | inactive | not-done | entered-in-error | unknown -->
 <category><!-- 0..* CodeableConcept Classification of the consent statement - for indexing/retrieval --></category>
 <subject><!-- 0..1 Reference(Group|Patient|Practitioner) Who the consent applies to --></subject>
 <date value="[date]"/><!-- 0..1 Fully executed date of the consent -->
 <period><!-- 0..1 Period Effective period for this Consent --></period>
 <grantor><!-- 0..* Reference(CareTeam|HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|
   Practitioner|PractitionerRole|RelatedPerson) Who is granting rights according to the policy and rules --></grantor>
 <grantee><!-- 0..* Reference(CareTeam|HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|
   Practitioner|PractitionerRole|RelatedPerson) Who is agreeing to the policy and rules --></grantee>
 <manager><!-- 0..* Reference(HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|Practitioner) Consent workflow management --></manager>
 <controller><!-- 0..* Reference(HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|
   Practitioner) Consent Enforcer --></controller>
 <sourceAttachment><!-- 0..* Attachment Source from which this consent is taken --></sourceAttachment>
 <sourceReference><!-- 0..* Reference(Consent|Contract|DocumentReference|
   QuestionnaireResponse) Source from which this consent is taken --></sourceReference>
 <regulatoryBasis><!-- 0..* CodeableConcept Regulations establishing base Consent --></regulatoryBasis>
 <policyBasis>  <!-- 0..1 Computable version of the backing policy -->
  <reference><!-- 0..1 Reference(Any) Reference backing policy resource --></reference>
  <url value="[url]"/><!-- 0..1 URL to a computable backing policy -->
 </policyBasis>
 <policyText><!-- 0..* Reference(DocumentReference) Human Readable Policy --></policyText>
 <verification>  <!-- 0..* Consent Verified by patient or family -->
  <verified value="[boolean]"/><!-- 1..1 Has been verified -->
  <verificationType><!-- 0..1 CodeableConcept Business case of verification --></verificationType>
  <verifiedBy><!-- 0..1 Reference(Organization|Practitioner|PractitionerRole) Person conducting verification --></verifiedBy>
  <verifiedWith><!-- 0..1 Reference(Patient|RelatedPerson) Person who verified --></verifiedWith>
  <verificationDate value="[dateTime]"/><!-- 0..* When consent verified -->
 </verification>
 <decision value="[code]"/><!-- 0..1 deny | permit -->
 <provision>  <!-- 0..* Constraints to the base Consent.policyRule/Consent.policy -->
  <period><!-- 0..1 Period Timeframe for this provision --></period>
  <actor>  <!-- 0..* Who|what controlled by this provision (or group, by role) -->
   <role><!-- 0..1 CodeableConcept How the actor is involved --></role>
   <reference><!-- 0..1 Reference(CareTeam|Device|Group|Organization|Patient|
     Practitioner|PractitionerRole|RelatedPerson) Resource for the actor (or group, by role) --></reference>
  </actor>
  <action><!-- 0..* CodeableConcept Actions controlled by this provision --></action>
  <securityLabel><!-- 0..* Coding Security Labels that define affected resources --></securityLabel>
  <purpose><!-- 0..* Coding Context of activities covered by this provision  --></purpose>
  <documentType><!-- 0..* Coding e.g. Resource Type, Profile, CDA, etc --></documentType>
  <resourceType><!-- 0..* Coding e.g. Resource Type, Profile, etc --></resourceType>
  <code><!-- 0..* CodeableConcept e.g. LOINC or SNOMED CT code, etc. in the content --></code>
  <dataPeriod><!-- 0..1 Period Timeframe for data controlled by this provision --></dataPeriod>
  <data>  <!-- 0..* Data controlled by this provision -->
   <meaning value="[code]"/><!-- 1..1 instance | related | dependents | authoredby -->
   <reference><!-- 1..1 Reference(Any) The actual data reference --></reference>
  </data>
  <expression><!-- 0..1 Expression A computable expression of the consent --></expression>
  <provision><!-- 0..* Content as for Consent.provision Nested Exception Provisions --></provision>
 </provision>
</Consent>

JSON Template

{
  "resourceType" : "Consent",
  // from Resource: id, meta, implicitRules, and language
  // from DomainResource: text, contained, extension, and modifierExtension
  "identifier" : [{ Identifier }], // Identifier for this record (external references)
  "status" : "<code>", // R!  draft | active | inactive | not-done | entered-in-error | unknown
  "category" : [{ CodeableConcept }], // Classification of the consent statement - for indexing/retrieval
  "subject" : { Reference(Group|Patient|Practitioner) }, // Who the consent applies to
  "date" : "<date>", // Fully executed date of the consent
  "period" : { Period }, // Effective period for this Consent
  "grantor" : [{ Reference(CareTeam|HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|
   Practitioner|PractitionerRole|RelatedPerson) }], // Who is granting rights according to the policy and rules
  "grantee" : [{ Reference(CareTeam|HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|
   Practitioner|PractitionerRole|RelatedPerson) }], // Who is agreeing to the policy and rules
  "manager" : [{ Reference(HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|Practitioner) }], // Consent workflow management
  "controller" : [{ Reference(HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|
   Practitioner) }], // Consent Enforcer
  "sourceAttachment" : [{ Attachment }], // Source from which this consent is taken
  "sourceReference" : [{ Reference(Consent|Contract|DocumentReference|
   QuestionnaireResponse) }], // Source from which this consent is taken
  "regulatoryBasis" : [{ CodeableConcept }], // Regulations establishing base Consent
  "policyBasis" : { // Computable version of the backing policy
    "reference" : { Reference(Any) }, // Reference backing policy resource
    "url" : "<url>" // URL to a computable backing policy
  },
  "policyText" : [{ Reference(DocumentReference) }], // Human Readable Policy
  "verification" : [{ // Consent Verified by patient or family
    "verified" : <boolean>, // R!  Has been verified
    "verificationType" : { CodeableConcept }, // Business case of verification
    "verifiedBy" : { Reference(Organization|Practitioner|PractitionerRole) }, // Person conducting verification
    "verifiedWith" : { Reference(Patient|RelatedPerson) }, // Person who verified
    "verificationDate" : ["<dateTime>"] // When consent verified
  }],
  "decision" : "<code>", // deny | permit
  "provision" : [{ // Constraints to the base Consent.policyRule/Consent.policy
    "period" : { Period }, // Timeframe for this provision
    "actor" : [{ // Who|what controlled by this provision (or group, by role)
      "role" : { CodeableConcept }, // How the actor is involved
      "reference" : { Reference(CareTeam|Device|Group|Organization|Patient|
     Practitioner|PractitionerRole|RelatedPerson) } // Resource for the actor (or group, by role)
    }],
    "action" : [{ CodeableConcept }], // Actions controlled by this provision
    "securityLabel" : [{ Coding }], // Security Labels that define affected resources
    "purpose" : [{ Coding }], // Context of activities covered by this provision 
    "documentType" : [{ Coding }], // e.g. Resource Type, Profile, CDA, etc
    "resourceType" : [{ Coding }], // e.g. Resource Type, Profile, etc
    "code" : [{ CodeableConcept }], // e.g. LOINC or SNOMED CT code, etc. in the content
    "dataPeriod" : { Period }, // Timeframe for data controlled by this provision
    "data" : [{ // Data controlled by this provision
      "meaning" : "<code>", // R!  instance | related | dependents | authoredby
      "reference" : { Reference(Any) } // R!  The actual data reference
    }],
    "expression" : { Expression }, // A computable expression of the consent
    "provision" : [{ Content as for Consent.provision }] // Nested Exception Provisions
  }]
}

Turtle Template

@prefix fhir: <http://hl7.org/fhir/> .


[ a fhir:Consent;
  fhir:nodeRole fhir:treeRoot; # if this is the parser root

  # from Resource: .id, .meta, .implicitRules, and .language
  # from DomainResource: .text, .contained, .extension, and .modifierExtension
  fhir:identifier  ( [ Identifier ] ... ) ; # 0..* Identifier for this record (external references)
  fhir:status [ code ] ; # 1..1 draft | active | inactive | not-done | entered-in-error | unknown
  fhir:category  ( [ CodeableConcept ] ... ) ; # 0..* Classification of the consent statement - for indexing/retrieval
  fhir:subject [ Reference(Group|Patient|Practitioner) ] ; # 0..1 Who the consent applies to
  fhir:date [ date ] ; # 0..1 Fully executed date of the consent
  fhir:period [ Period ] ; # 0..1 Effective period for this Consent
  fhir:grantor  ( [ Reference(CareTeam|HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|Practitioner|PractitionerRole|
  RelatedPerson) ] ... ) ; # 0..* Who is granting rights according to the policy and rules
  fhir:grantee  ( [ Reference(CareTeam|HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|Practitioner|PractitionerRole|
  RelatedPerson) ] ... ) ; # 0..* Who is agreeing to the policy and rules
  fhir:manager  ( [ Reference(HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|Practitioner) ] ... ) ; # 0..* Consent workflow management
  fhir:controller  ( [ Reference(HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|Practitioner) ] ... ) ; # 0..* Consent Enforcer
  fhir:sourceAttachment  ( [ Attachment ] ... ) ; # 0..* Source from which this consent is taken
  fhir:sourceReference  ( [ Reference(Consent|Contract|DocumentReference|QuestionnaireResponse) ] ... ) ; # 0..* Source from which this consent is taken
  fhir:regulatoryBasis  ( [ CodeableConcept ] ... ) ; # 0..* Regulations establishing base Consent
  fhir:policyBasis [ # 0..1 Computable version of the backing policy
    fhir:reference [ Reference(Any) ] ; # 0..1 Reference backing policy resource
    fhir:url [ url ] ; # 0..1 URL to a computable backing policy
  ] ;
  fhir:policyText  ( [ Reference(DocumentReference) ] ... ) ; # 0..* Human Readable Policy
  fhir:verification ( [ # 0..* Consent Verified by patient or family
    fhir:verified [ boolean ] ; # 1..1 Has been verified
    fhir:verificationType [ CodeableConcept ] ; # 0..1 Business case of verification
    fhir:verifiedBy [ Reference(Organization|Practitioner|PractitionerRole) ] ; # 0..1 Person conducting verification
    fhir:verifiedWith [ Reference(Patient|RelatedPerson) ] ; # 0..1 Person who verified
    fhir:verificationDate  ( [ dateTime ] ... ) ; # 0..* When consent verified
  ] ... ) ;
  fhir:decision [ code ] ; # 0..1 deny | permit
  fhir:provision ( [ # 0..* Constraints to the base Consent.policyRule/Consent.policy
    fhir:period [ Period ] ; # 0..1 Timeframe for this provision
    fhir:actor ( [ # 0..* Who|what controlled by this provision (or group, by role)
      fhir:role [ CodeableConcept ] ; # 0..1 How the actor is involved
      fhir:reference [ Reference(CareTeam|Device|Group|Organization|Patient|Practitioner|PractitionerRole|
  RelatedPerson) ] ; # 0..1 Resource for the actor (or group, by role)
    ] ... ) ;
    fhir:action  ( [ CodeableConcept ] ... ) ; # 0..* Actions controlled by this provision
    fhir:securityLabel  ( [ Coding ] ... ) ; # 0..* Security Labels that define affected resources
    fhir:purpose  ( [ Coding ] ... ) ; # 0..* Context of activities covered by this provision
    fhir:documentType  ( [ Coding ] ... ) ; # 0..* e.g. Resource Type, Profile, CDA, etc
    fhir:resourceType  ( [ Coding ] ... ) ; # 0..* e.g. Resource Type, Profile, etc
    fhir:code  ( [ CodeableConcept ] ... ) ; # 0..* e.g. LOINC or SNOMED CT code, etc. in the content
    fhir:dataPeriod [ Period ] ; # 0..1 Timeframe for data controlled by this provision
    fhir:data ( [ # 0..* Data controlled by this provision
      fhir:meaning [ code ] ; # 1..1 instance | related | dependents | authoredby
      fhir:reference [ Reference(Any) ] ; # 1..1 The actual data reference
    ] ... ) ;
    fhir:expression [ Expression ] ; # 0..1 A computable expression of the consent
    fhir:provision  ( [ See Consent.provision ] ... ) ; # 0..* Nested Exception Provisions
  ] ... ) ;
]

Changes from both R4 and R4B

Consent

Consent.status

Remove codes proposed, rejected
Add codes not-done, unknown

Consent.category

Min Cardinality changed from 1 to 0
Remove Binding `http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/consent-category` (extensible)

Consent.subject

Renamed from patient to subject
Type Reference: Added Target Types Practitioner, Group

Consent.date

Renamed from dateTime to date
Type changed from dateTime to date

Consent.period

Added Element

Consent.grantor

Added Element

Consent.grantee

Renamed from performer to grantee
Type Reference: Added Target Types CareTeam, HealthcareService

Consent.manager

Added Element

Consent.controller

Added Element

Consent.sourceAttachment

Added Element

Consent.sourceReference

Added Element

Consent.regulatoryBasis

Added Element

Consent.policyBasis

Renamed from policy to policyBasis
Max Cardinality changed from * to 1

Consent.policyBasis.reference

Added Element

Consent.policyBasis.url

Added Element

Consent.policyText

Added Element

Consent.verification.verificationType

Added Element

Consent.verification.verifiedBy

Added Element

Consent.verification.verificationDate

Max Cardinality changed from 1 to *

Consent.decision

Moved from Consent.provision.type to decision
Now marked as Modifier

Consent.provision

Max Cardinality changed from 1 to *

Consent.provision.actor.role

Min Cardinality changed from 1 to 0
Change value set from Security Role Type to Participation Role Type

Consent.provision.actor.reference

Min Cardinality changed from 1 to 0

Consent.provision.securityLabel

Remove Binding `http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/security-labels` (extensible)

Consent.provision.documentType

Added Element

Consent.provision.resourceType

Renamed from class to resourceType
Change value set from Consent Content Class to Resource Types

Consent.provision.expression

Added Element

Consent.scope

Deleted (-> Merged with Consent.category)

Consent.organization

Deleted (-> split into Consent.manager and Consent.controller)

Consent.source[x]

Deleted

Consent.policy.authority

Deleted

Consent.policy.uri

Deleted

Consent.policyRule

Deleted

See the Full Difference for further information

This analysis is available for R4 as XML or JSON and for R4B as XML or JSON.

See R4 <--> R5 Conversion Maps (status = See Conversions Summary.)

Structure

Name	Flags	Card.	Type	Description & Constraints
Consent	TU		DomainResource	A healthcare consumer's or third party's choices to permit or deny recipients or roles to perform actions for specific purposes and periods of time Elements defined in Ancestors: id, meta, implicitRules, language, text, contained, extension, modifierExtension
identifier	Σ	0..*	Identifier	Identifier for this record (external references)
status	?!Σ	1..1	code	draft \| active \| inactive \| not-done \| entered-in-error \| unknown Binding: Consent State (Required)
category	Σ	0..*	CodeableConcept	Classification of the consent statement - for indexing/retrieval Binding: Consent Category Codes (Example)
subject	Σ	0..1	Reference(Patient \| Practitioner \| Group)	Who the consent applies to
date	Σ	0..1	date	Fully executed date of the consent
period	Σ	0..1	Period	Effective period for this Consent
grantor	Σ	0..*	Reference(CareTeam \| HealthcareService \| Organization \| Patient \| Practitioner \| RelatedPerson \| PractitionerRole)	Who is granting rights according to the policy and rules
grantee	Σ	0..*	Reference(CareTeam \| HealthcareService \| Organization \| Patient \| Practitioner \| RelatedPerson \| PractitionerRole)	Who is agreeing to the policy and rules
manager		0..*	Reference(HealthcareService \| Organization \| Patient \| Practitioner)	Consent workflow management
controller		0..*	Reference(HealthcareService \| Organization \| Patient \| Practitioner)	Consent Enforcer
sourceAttachment		0..*	Attachment	Source from which this consent is taken
sourceReference		0..*	Reference(Consent \| DocumentReference \| Contract \| QuestionnaireResponse)	Source from which this consent is taken
regulatoryBasis		0..*	CodeableConcept	Regulations establishing base Consent Binding: Consent PolicyRule Codes (Example)
policyBasis		0..1	BackboneElement	Computable version of the backing policy
reference		0..1	Reference(Any)	Reference backing policy resource
url		0..1	url	URL to a computable backing policy
policyText		0..*	Reference(DocumentReference)	Human Readable Policy
verification	Σ	0..*	BackboneElement	Consent Verified by patient or family
verified	Σ	1..1	boolean	Has been verified
verificationType		0..1	CodeableConcept	Business case of verification Binding: Consent Vefication Codes (Example)
verifiedBy		0..1	Reference(Organization \| Practitioner \| PractitionerRole)	Person conducting verification
verifiedWith		0..1	Reference(Patient \| RelatedPerson)	Person who verified
verificationDate		0..*	dateTime	When consent verified
decision	?!Σ	0..1	code	deny \| permit Binding: Consent Provision Type (Required)
provision	Σ	0..*	BackboneElement	Constraints to the base Consent.policyRule/Consent.policy
period	Σ	0..1	Period	Timeframe for this provision
actor		0..*	BackboneElement	Who\|what controlled by this provision (or group, by role)
role		0..1	CodeableConcept	How the actor is involved Binding: Participation Role Type (Extensible)
reference		0..1	Reference(Device \| Group \| CareTeam \| Organization \| Patient \| Practitioner \| RelatedPerson \| PractitionerRole)	Resource for the actor (or group, by role)
action	Σ	0..*	CodeableConcept	Actions controlled by this provision Binding: Consent Action Codes (Example)
securityLabel	Σ	0..*	Coding	Security Labels that define affected resources Binding: Example set of Security Labels (Example)
purpose	Σ	0..*	Coding	Context of activities covered by this provision Binding: PurposeOfUse (Extensible)
documentType	Σ	0..*	Coding	e.g. Resource Type, Profile, CDA, etc Binding: Consent Content Class (Preferred)
resourceType	Σ	0..*	Coding	e.g. Resource Type, Profile, etc Binding: Resource Types (Extensible)
code	Σ	0..*	CodeableConcept	e.g. LOINC or SNOMED CT code, etc. in the content Binding: Consent Content Codes (Example)
dataPeriod	Σ	0..1	Period	Timeframe for data controlled by this provision
data	Σ	0..*	BackboneElement	Data controlled by this provision
meaning	Σ	1..1	code	instance \| related \| dependents \| authoredby Binding: Consent Data Meaning (Required)
reference	Σ	1..1	Reference(Any)	The actual data reference
expression		0..1	Expression	A computable expression of the consent
provision		0..*	see provision	Nested Exception Provisions
Documentation for this format

See the Extensions for this resource

UML Diagram (Legend)

XML Template

<Consent xmlns="http://hl7.org/fhir"> 
 <!-- from Resource: id, meta, implicitRules, and language -->
 <!-- from DomainResource: text, contained, extension, and modifierExtension -->
 <identifier><!-- 0..* Identifier Identifier for this record (external references) --></identifier>
 <status value="[code]"/><!-- 1..1 draft | active | inactive | not-done | entered-in-error | unknown -->
 <category><!-- 0..* CodeableConcept Classification of the consent statement - for indexing/retrieval --></category>
 <subject><!-- 0..1 Reference(Group|Patient|Practitioner) Who the consent applies to --></subject>
 <date value="[date]"/><!-- 0..1 Fully executed date of the consent -->
 <period><!-- 0..1 Period Effective period for this Consent --></period>
 <grantor><!-- 0..* Reference(CareTeam|HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|
   Practitioner|PractitionerRole|RelatedPerson) Who is granting rights according to the policy and rules --></grantor>
 <grantee><!-- 0..* Reference(CareTeam|HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|
   Practitioner|PractitionerRole|RelatedPerson) Who is agreeing to the policy and rules --></grantee>
 <manager><!-- 0..* Reference(HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|Practitioner) Consent workflow management --></manager>
 <controller><!-- 0..* Reference(HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|
   Practitioner) Consent Enforcer --></controller>
 <sourceAttachment><!-- 0..* Attachment Source from which this consent is taken --></sourceAttachment>
 <sourceReference><!-- 0..* Reference(Consent|Contract|DocumentReference|
   QuestionnaireResponse) Source from which this consent is taken --></sourceReference>
 <regulatoryBasis><!-- 0..* CodeableConcept Regulations establishing base Consent --></regulatoryBasis>
 <policyBasis>  <!-- 0..1 Computable version of the backing policy -->
  <reference><!-- 0..1 Reference(Any) Reference backing policy resource --></reference>
  <url value="[url]"/><!-- 0..1 URL to a computable backing policy -->
 </policyBasis>
 <policyText><!-- 0..* Reference(DocumentReference) Human Readable Policy --></policyText>
 <verification>  <!-- 0..* Consent Verified by patient or family -->
  <verified value="[boolean]"/><!-- 1..1 Has been verified -->
  <verificationType><!-- 0..1 CodeableConcept Business case of verification --></verificationType>
  <verifiedBy><!-- 0..1 Reference(Organization|Practitioner|PractitionerRole) Person conducting verification --></verifiedBy>
  <verifiedWith><!-- 0..1 Reference(Patient|RelatedPerson) Person who verified --></verifiedWith>
  <verificationDate value="[dateTime]"/><!-- 0..* When consent verified -->
 </verification>
 <decision value="[code]"/><!-- 0..1 deny | permit -->
 <provision>  <!-- 0..* Constraints to the base Consent.policyRule/Consent.policy -->
  <period><!-- 0..1 Period Timeframe for this provision --></period>
  <actor>  <!-- 0..* Who|what controlled by this provision (or group, by role) -->
   <role><!-- 0..1 CodeableConcept How the actor is involved --></role>
   <reference><!-- 0..1 Reference(CareTeam|Device|Group|Organization|Patient|
     Practitioner|PractitionerRole|RelatedPerson) Resource for the actor (or group, by role) --></reference>
  </actor>
  <action><!-- 0..* CodeableConcept Actions controlled by this provision --></action>
  <securityLabel><!-- 0..* Coding Security Labels that define affected resources --></securityLabel>
  <purpose><!-- 0..* Coding Context of activities covered by this provision  --></purpose>
  <documentType><!-- 0..* Coding e.g. Resource Type, Profile, CDA, etc --></documentType>
  <resourceType><!-- 0..* Coding e.g. Resource Type, Profile, etc --></resourceType>
  <code><!-- 0..* CodeableConcept e.g. LOINC or SNOMED CT code, etc. in the content --></code>
  <dataPeriod><!-- 0..1 Period Timeframe for data controlled by this provision --></dataPeriod>
  <data>  <!-- 0..* Data controlled by this provision -->
   <meaning value="[code]"/><!-- 1..1 instance | related | dependents | authoredby -->
   <reference><!-- 1..1 Reference(Any) The actual data reference --></reference>
  </data>
  <expression><!-- 0..1 Expression A computable expression of the consent --></expression>
  <provision><!-- 0..* Content as for Consent.provision Nested Exception Provisions --></provision>
 </provision>
</Consent>

JSON Template

{
  "resourceType" : "Consent",
  // from Resource: id, meta, implicitRules, and language
  // from DomainResource: text, contained, extension, and modifierExtension
  "identifier" : [{ Identifier }], // Identifier for this record (external references)
  "status" : "<code>", // R!  draft | active | inactive | not-done | entered-in-error | unknown
  "category" : [{ CodeableConcept }], // Classification of the consent statement - for indexing/retrieval
  "subject" : { Reference(Group|Patient|Practitioner) }, // Who the consent applies to
  "date" : "<date>", // Fully executed date of the consent
  "period" : { Period }, // Effective period for this Consent
  "grantor" : [{ Reference(CareTeam|HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|
   Practitioner|PractitionerRole|RelatedPerson) }], // Who is granting rights according to the policy and rules
  "grantee" : [{ Reference(CareTeam|HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|
   Practitioner|PractitionerRole|RelatedPerson) }], // Who is agreeing to the policy and rules
  "manager" : [{ Reference(HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|Practitioner) }], // Consent workflow management
  "controller" : [{ Reference(HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|
   Practitioner) }], // Consent Enforcer
  "sourceAttachment" : [{ Attachment }], // Source from which this consent is taken
  "sourceReference" : [{ Reference(Consent|Contract|DocumentReference|
   QuestionnaireResponse) }], // Source from which this consent is taken
  "regulatoryBasis" : [{ CodeableConcept }], // Regulations establishing base Consent
  "policyBasis" : { // Computable version of the backing policy
    "reference" : { Reference(Any) }, // Reference backing policy resource
    "url" : "<url>" // URL to a computable backing policy
  },
  "policyText" : [{ Reference(DocumentReference) }], // Human Readable Policy
  "verification" : [{ // Consent Verified by patient or family
    "verified" : <boolean>, // R!  Has been verified
    "verificationType" : { CodeableConcept }, // Business case of verification
    "verifiedBy" : { Reference(Organization|Practitioner|PractitionerRole) }, // Person conducting verification
    "verifiedWith" : { Reference(Patient|RelatedPerson) }, // Person who verified
    "verificationDate" : ["<dateTime>"] // When consent verified
  }],
  "decision" : "<code>", // deny | permit
  "provision" : [{ // Constraints to the base Consent.policyRule/Consent.policy
    "period" : { Period }, // Timeframe for this provision
    "actor" : [{ // Who|what controlled by this provision (or group, by role)
      "role" : { CodeableConcept }, // How the actor is involved
      "reference" : { Reference(CareTeam|Device|Group|Organization|Patient|
     Practitioner|PractitionerRole|RelatedPerson) } // Resource for the actor (or group, by role)
    }],
    "action" : [{ CodeableConcept }], // Actions controlled by this provision
    "securityLabel" : [{ Coding }], // Security Labels that define affected resources
    "purpose" : [{ Coding }], // Context of activities covered by this provision 
    "documentType" : [{ Coding }], // e.g. Resource Type, Profile, CDA, etc
    "resourceType" : [{ Coding }], // e.g. Resource Type, Profile, etc
    "code" : [{ CodeableConcept }], // e.g. LOINC or SNOMED CT code, etc. in the content
    "dataPeriod" : { Period }, // Timeframe for data controlled by this provision
    "data" : [{ // Data controlled by this provision
      "meaning" : "<code>", // R!  instance | related | dependents | authoredby
      "reference" : { Reference(Any) } // R!  The actual data reference
    }],
    "expression" : { Expression }, // A computable expression of the consent
    "provision" : [{ Content as for Consent.provision }] // Nested Exception Provisions
  }]
}

Turtle Template

@prefix fhir: <http://hl7.org/fhir/> .


[ a fhir:Consent;
  fhir:nodeRole fhir:treeRoot; # if this is the parser root

  # from Resource: .id, .meta, .implicitRules, and .language
  # from DomainResource: .text, .contained, .extension, and .modifierExtension
  fhir:identifier  ( [ Identifier ] ... ) ; # 0..* Identifier for this record (external references)
  fhir:status [ code ] ; # 1..1 draft | active | inactive | not-done | entered-in-error | unknown
  fhir:category  ( [ CodeableConcept ] ... ) ; # 0..* Classification of the consent statement - for indexing/retrieval
  fhir:subject [ Reference(Group|Patient|Practitioner) ] ; # 0..1 Who the consent applies to
  fhir:date [ date ] ; # 0..1 Fully executed date of the consent
  fhir:period [ Period ] ; # 0..1 Effective period for this Consent
  fhir:grantor  ( [ Reference(CareTeam|HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|Practitioner|PractitionerRole|
  RelatedPerson) ] ... ) ; # 0..* Who is granting rights according to the policy and rules
  fhir:grantee  ( [ Reference(CareTeam|HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|Practitioner|PractitionerRole|
  RelatedPerson) ] ... ) ; # 0..* Who is agreeing to the policy and rules
  fhir:manager  ( [ Reference(HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|Practitioner) ] ... ) ; # 0..* Consent workflow management
  fhir:controller  ( [ Reference(HealthcareService|Organization|Patient|Practitioner) ] ... ) ; # 0..* Consent Enforcer
  fhir:sourceAttachment  ( [ Attachment ] ... ) ; # 0..* Source from which this consent is taken
  fhir:sourceReference  ( [ Reference(Consent|Contract|DocumentReference|QuestionnaireResponse) ] ... ) ; # 0..* Source from which this consent is taken
  fhir:regulatoryBasis  ( [ CodeableConcept ] ... ) ; # 0..* Regulations establishing base Consent
  fhir:policyBasis [ # 0..1 Computable version of the backing policy
    fhir:reference [ Reference(Any) ] ; # 0..1 Reference backing policy resource
    fhir:url [ url ] ; # 0..1 URL to a computable backing policy
  ] ;
  fhir:policyText  ( [ Reference(DocumentReference) ] ... ) ; # 0..* Human Readable Policy
  fhir:verification ( [ # 0..* Consent Verified by patient or family
    fhir:verified [ boolean ] ; # 1..1 Has been verified
    fhir:verificationType [ CodeableConcept ] ; # 0..1 Business case of verification
    fhir:verifiedBy [ Reference(Organization|Practitioner|PractitionerRole) ] ; # 0..1 Person conducting verification
    fhir:verifiedWith [ Reference(Patient|RelatedPerson) ] ; # 0..1 Person who verified
    fhir:verificationDate  ( [ dateTime ] ... ) ; # 0..* When consent verified
  ] ... ) ;
  fhir:decision [ code ] ; # 0..1 deny | permit
  fhir:provision ( [ # 0..* Constraints to the base Consent.policyRule/Consent.policy
    fhir:period [ Period ] ; # 0..1 Timeframe for this provision
    fhir:actor ( [ # 0..* Who|what controlled by this provision (or group, by role)
      fhir:role [ CodeableConcept ] ; # 0..1 How the actor is involved
      fhir:reference [ Reference(CareTeam|Device|Group|Organization|Patient|Practitioner|PractitionerRole|
  RelatedPerson) ] ; # 0..1 Resource for the actor (or group, by role)
    ] ... ) ;
    fhir:action  ( [ CodeableConcept ] ... ) ; # 0..* Actions controlled by this provision
    fhir:securityLabel  ( [ Coding ] ... ) ; # 0..* Security Labels that define affected resources
    fhir:purpose  ( [ Coding ] ... ) ; # 0..* Context of activities covered by this provision
    fhir:documentType  ( [ Coding ] ... ) ; # 0..* e.g. Resource Type, Profile, CDA, etc
    fhir:resourceType  ( [ Coding ] ... ) ; # 0..* e.g. Resource Type, Profile, etc
    fhir:code  ( [ CodeableConcept ] ... ) ; # 0..* e.g. LOINC or SNOMED CT code, etc. in the content
    fhir:dataPeriod [ Period ] ; # 0..1 Timeframe for data controlled by this provision
    fhir:data ( [ # 0..* Data controlled by this provision
      fhir:meaning [ code ] ; # 1..1 instance | related | dependents | authoredby
      fhir:reference [ Reference(Any) ] ; # 1..1 The actual data reference
    ] ... ) ;
    fhir:expression [ Expression ] ; # 0..1 A computable expression of the consent
    fhir:provision  ( [ See Consent.provision ] ... ) ; # 0..* Nested Exception Provisions
  ] ... ) ;
]

Changes from both R4 and R4B

Consent

Consent.status

Remove codes proposed, rejected
Add codes not-done, unknown

Consent.category

Min Cardinality changed from 1 to 0
Remove Binding `http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/consent-category` (extensible)

Consent.subject

Renamed from patient to subject
Type Reference: Added Target Types Practitioner, Group

Consent.date

Renamed from dateTime to date
Type changed from dateTime to date

Consent.period

Added Element

Consent.grantor

Added Element

Consent.grantee

Renamed from performer to grantee
Type Reference: Added Target Types CareTeam, HealthcareService

Consent.manager

Added Element

Consent.controller

Added Element

Consent.sourceAttachment

Added Element

Consent.sourceReference

Added Element

Consent.regulatoryBasis

Added Element

Consent.policyBasis

Renamed from policy to policyBasis
Max Cardinality changed from * to 1

Consent.policyBasis.reference

Added Element

Consent.policyBasis.url

Added Element

Consent.policyText

Added Element

Consent.verification.verificationType

Added Element

Consent.verification.verifiedBy

Added Element

Consent.verification.verificationDate

Max Cardinality changed from 1 to *

Consent.decision

Moved from Consent.provision.type to decision
Now marked as Modifier

Consent.provision

Max Cardinality changed from 1 to *

Consent.provision.actor.role

Min Cardinality changed from 1 to 0
Change value set from Security Role Type to Participation Role Type

Consent.provision.actor.reference

Min Cardinality changed from 1 to 0

Consent.provision.securityLabel

Remove Binding `http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/security-labels` (extensible)

Consent.provision.documentType

Added Element

Consent.provision.resourceType

Renamed from class to resourceType
Change value set from Consent Content Class to Resource Types

Consent.provision.expression

Added Element

Consent.scope

Deleted (-> Merged with Consent.category)

Consent.organization

Deleted (-> split into Consent.manager and Consent.controller)

Consent.source[x]

Deleted

Consent.policy.authority

Deleted

Consent.policy.uri

Deleted

Consent.policyRule

Deleted

See the Full Difference for further information

This analysis is available for R4 as XML or JSON and for R4B as XML or JSON.

See R4 <--> R5 Conversion Maps (status = See Conversions Summary.)

Additional definitions: Master Definition XML + JSON, XML Schema/Schematron + JSON Schema, ShEx (for Turtle) + see the extensions, the spreadsheet version & the dependency analysis

6.2.5.1 Terminology Bindings

Path	ValueSet	Type	Documentation
Consent.status	ConsentState	Required	Indicates the state of the consent.
Consent.category	ConsentCategoryCodes	Example	This value set includes sample Consent Directive Type codes, including several consent directive related LOINC codes; HL7 VALUE SET: ActConsentType(2.16.840.1.113883.1.11.19897); examples of US realm consent directive legal descriptions and references to online and/or downloadable forms such as the SSA-827 Authorization to Disclose Information to the Social Security Administration; and other anticipated consent directives related to participation in a clinical trial, medical procedures, reproductive procedures; health care directive (Living Will); advance directive, do not resuscitate (DNR); Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST)
Consent.regulatoryBasis	ConsentPolicyRuleCodes	Example	This value set includes sample Regulatory consent policy types from the US and other regions.
Consent.verification.verificationType	ConsentVerificationCodes	Example	This value set includes base Consent Verification codes.
Consent.decision	ConsentProvisionType	Required	How a rule statement is applied, such as adding additional consent or removing consent.
Consent.provision.actor.role	ParticipationRoleType	Extensible	This FHIR value set is comprised of Actor participation Type codes, which can be used to value FHIR agents, actors, and other role elements. The codes are intended to express how the agent participated in some activity. Sometimes refered to the agent functional-role relative to the activity.
Consent.provision.action	ConsentActionCodes	Example	This value set includes sample Consent Action codes.
Consent.provision.securityLabel	SecurityLabelExamples	Example	A sample of security labels from Healthcare Privacy and Security Classification System as the combination of data and event codes.
Consent.provision.purpose	PurposeOfUse	Extensible	Supports communication of purpose of use at a general level.
Consent.provision.documentType	ConsentContentClass	Preferred	This value set includes the FHIR resource types, along with some other important content class codes
Consent.provision.resourceType	ResourceType	Extensible	Concrete FHIR Resource Types
Consent.provision.code	ConsentContentCodes	Example	This example value set contains all LOINC code
Consent.provision.data.meaning	ConsentDataMeaning	Required	How a resource reference is interpreted when testing consent restrictions.

Path

ValueSet

Type

Documentation

Consent.status

ConsentState

Required

Indicates the state of the consent.

Consent.category

ConsentCategoryCodes

Example

This value set includes sample Consent Directive Type codes, including several consent directive related LOINC codes; HL7 VALUE SET: ActConsentType(2.16.840.1.113883.1.11.19897); examples of US realm consent directive legal descriptions and references to online and/or downloadable forms such as the SSA-827 Authorization to Disclose Information to the Social Security Administration; and other anticipated consent directives related to participation in a clinical trial, medical procedures, reproductive procedures; health care directive (Living Will); advance directive, do not resuscitate (DNR); Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST)

Consent.regulatoryBasis

ConsentPolicyRuleCodes

Example

This value set includes sample Regulatory consent policy types from the US and other regions.

Consent.verification.verificationType

ConsentVerificationCodes

Example

This value set includes base Consent Verification codes.

Consent.decision

ConsentProvisionType

Required

How a rule statement is applied, such as adding additional consent or removing consent.

Consent.provision.actor.role

ParticipationRoleType

Extensible

This FHIR value set is comprised of Actor participation Type codes, which can be used to value FHIR agents, actors, and other role elements. The codes are intended to express how the agent participated in some activity. Sometimes refered to the agent functional-role relative to the activity.

Consent.provision.action

ConsentActionCodes

Example

This value set includes sample Consent Action codes.

Consent.provision.securityLabel

SecurityLabelExamples

Example

A sample of security labels from Healthcare Privacy and Security Classification System as the combination of data and event codes.

Consent.provision.purpose

PurposeOfUse icon

Extensible

Supports communication of purpose of use at a general level.

Consent.provision.documentType

ConsentContentClass

Preferred

This value set includes the FHIR resource types, along with some other important content class codes

Consent.provision.resourceType

ResourceType

Extensible

Concrete FHIR Resource Types

Consent.provision.code

ConsentContentCodes

Example

This example value set contains all LOINC code

Consent.provision.data.meaning

ConsentDataMeaning

Required

How a resource reference is interpreted when testing consent restrictions.

6.2.6 Policies

The Consent resource has a reference to a single PolicyBasis. Many organizations will work in a context where multiple different consent regulations and policies apply. In these cases, the single rule reference refers to a policy document that resolves and reconciles the various policies and presents a single policy for patient consent. If it is still necessary to track which of the underlying regulations an exception is make in regard to, the RegulatoryBasis may be used.

Policies attached to PolicyBasis should be written using positive language. For an example, a patient wanting to opt-out will be recorded with an opt-in policy where the Consent.provision[0].type indicates "deny".

6.2.7 Privacy Consent General Model

The following is the general model of Privacy Consent Directives.

There are context setting parameters:

Who - The patientor third-party grantor
What - The data - specific resources are listed, empty list means all data covered by the consent.
Where Required - The location boundary and authority boundary of this consent policy domain.
Where Accountability Lies - The organization or performer
When - The date issued or captured
When - The timeframe for which the Consent applies
How - The actions covered. (such as purposes of use that are covered)
Whom - The actor are grantees by the consent.

A Privacy Consent may transition through many states including: that no consent has been sought, consent has been proposed, consent has been rejected, and consent approved.

There are set of patterns.

No consent: All settings need a policy for when no consent has been captured. Often this allows treatment only.;
Opt-out: No sharing allowed for the specified domain, location, actions, and purposes;
Opt-out with exceptions: No sharing allowed, with some exceptions where it is allowed. Example: Withhold Authorization for Treatment except for Emergency Treatment;
Opt-in: Sharing for some purpose of use is authorized Sharing allowed for Treatment, Payment, and normal Operations; and
Opt-in with restrictions: Sharing allowed, but the patient may make exceptions.

For each of these patterns (positive or negative pattern), there can be exceptions. These exceptions are explicitly recorded in the provision element.

6.2.8 Provisions

The provision structure provides a mechanism for modeling consent rules in a machine-readable and computable way. This is the FHIR Consent's native mechanism for expressing and encoding policy rules within the resource --an alternative to using an external policy language.

The default decision of the consent is stated by the decision attribute (permit or deny) and provisions state the exceptions to the base decision. Each provision may have its own sub-provisions that, in turn, state the exceptions to the rules stated in the parent provision. The following figure depicts this structure:

For example, if the base decision for a consent is permit, the first level of provisions express exceptions to this decision, therefore, the decision when matching these provisions will be a deny. The immediate child provisions to any of these provisions would express exceptions to their deny decision, therefore, their effect, when matched, will be permit.

The provision structure provides a rich mechanism to construct complex rules using logical AND and OR:

Provisions at the same level of depth are interpreted as disjunctive (i.e., OR-ed). This means that matching any of the sibling provisions at one level constitutes an exception to the rule stated in the parent provision.
Within a provision, the conditions implied by different attributes are interpreted conjunctively (i.e., AND-ed). This means that in order to match the provision, all the attributes must match.
Within an attribute, if the attribute is multi-valued, the values are interpreted as disjunctive (i.e., OR-ed). This means that matching any of the values listed for the attribute is sufficient for the attribute to match. For single-valued attributes, matching is simply based on matching the value of the attribute.

If the value of an attribute is a code from a hierarchical code structure (e.g., a Confidentiality code icon ), the subsumption relationship between the codes in the hierarchy must be considered in the interpretation of the provision:

If the (implicit or explicit) type of the provision is permit, all the subsumed descending codes (that are below the mentioned code in the hierarchy) are also permitted. For example, if a provision permits access to very restricted (V) data, it also permits access to restricted (R) data.
If the (implicit or explicit) type of the provision is deny, all the subsuming parent codes (that are above the mentioned code in the hierarchy) are also denied. For example, if a provision denies access to restricted (R) data, it also denies access to very restricted (V) data.

The following figure visualizes this in the course of an example.

The base decision is a deny to which the first exception, expressed in the first provision, states that during the time period from 01/01/2020 to 31/12/2022 all access by Org A is permitted. In order to match this provision, and therefore for this permit decision to be applicable, the requestor identifier must match Org A AND the current date must be within the range 01/01/2020-31/12/2022.

The subsequent child provisions state exceptions to this base rule. Matching any of these provisions results in a deny since these are exceptions to a permit parent provision.

access is denied if the purpose of use is marketing (HMK).
access is denied if the requested data is restricted (R). Note that this implies access is also denied if the requested data is very restricted (V).
access is denied if the purpose of use is payment (PAY) unless:

content type is Claims, OR Claim Responses, OR Accounts.

6.2.9 Tracking Changes in Consent

Tracking changes in consent can be managed in two possible ways:

Submitting changes to the Consent resource and tracking the changes via a versioning server
Submitting a new Consent resource and marking the old resource as inactive

HL7 does not recommend a specific method.

A FHIR Consent Directive instance is considered the encoded legally binding Consent Directive if it meets requirements of a policy domain requirements for an enforceable contract. In some domains, electronic signatures of one or both of the parties to the content of an encoded representation of a Consent Form is deemed to constitute a legally binding Consent Directive. Some domains accept a notary’s electronic signature over the wet or electronic signature of a party to the Consent Directive as the additional identity proofing required to make an encoded Consent Directive legally binding. Other domains may only accept a wet signature or might not require the parties’ signatures at all.

Whatever the criteria are for making an encoded FHIR Consent Directive legally binding, anything less than a legally binding representation of a Consent Directive must be identified as such, i.e., as a derivative of the legally binding Consent Directive, which has specific usage in Consent Directive workflow management.

Definitions:

Consent

The record of a healthcare consumer’s policy choices or choices made on their behalf by a third party, which permits or denies identified recipient(s) or recipient role(s) to perform one or more actions within a given policy context, for specific purposes and periods of time

Consent Directive

The legal record of a healthcare consumer's agreement or agreements made on their behalf with a party responsible for enforcing the consumer’s choices or choices made on their behalf by a third party, which permits or denies identified actors or roles to perform actions affecting the consumer within a given context for specific purposes and periods of time

Consent Form

Human readable consent content describing one or more actions impacting the grantor for which the grantee would be authorized or prohibited from performing. It includes the terms, rules, and conditions pertaining to the authorization or restrictions, such as effective time, applicability or scope, purposes of use, obligations and prohibitions to which the grantee must comply. Once a Consent Form is “executed” by means required by policy, such as verbal agreement, wet signature, or electronic/digital signature, it becomes a legally binding Consent Directive.

Consent Directive Derivative

Consent Content that conveys the minimal set of information needed to manage Consent Directive workflow, including providing Consent Directive content sufficient to:

Represent a Consent Directive
Register or index a Consent Directive
Query and respond about a Consent Directive
Retrieve a Consent Directive
Notify authorized entities about Consent Directive status changes
Determine entities authorized to collect, access, use or disclose information about the Consent Directive or about the information governed by the Consent Directive.

Derived Consent content includes the Security Labels encoding the applicable privacy and security policies. Consent Security Labels inform recipients about specific access control measures required for compliance.

Consent Statement

A Consent Directive derivative has less than full fidelity to the legally binding Consent Directive from which it was "transcribed". It provides recipients with the full content representation they may require for compliance purposes, and typically include a reference to or an attached unstructured representation for recipients needing an exact copy of the legal agreement.

Consent Registration

The legal record of a healthcare consumer's agreement with a party responsible for enforcing the consumer’s choices, which permits or denies identified actors or roles to perform actions affecting the consumer within a given context for specific purposes and periods of timeA Consent Directive derivative that conveys the minimal set of information needed to register an active and revoked Consent Directive, or to update Consent status as it changes during its lifecycle.

Policy context

Any organizational or jurisdictional policies, which may limit the consumer’s policy choices, and which includes the named range of actions allowed

Healthcare Consumer

The individual establishing his/her personal consent (i.e. Consenter). In FHIR, this is referred to as the 'Patient' though this word is not used across all contexts of care

6.2.9.1 Privacy Consent Directive (PCD)

Privacy policies define how Individually Identifiable Health Information (IIHI) is to be collected, accessed, used and disclosed. A Privacy Consent Directive as a legal record of a patient's (e.g. a healthcare consumer) agreement with a party responsible for enforcing the patient's choices, which permits or denies identified actors or roles to perform actions affecting the patient within a given context for specific purposes and periods of time. All consent directives have a policy context, which is any set of organizational or jurisdictional policies which may limit the consumer’s policy choices, and which include a named range of actions allowed. In addition, Privacy Consent Directives provide the ability for a healthcare consumer to delegate authority to a Substitute Decision Maker who may act on behalf of that individual. Alternatively, a consumer may author/publish their privacy preferences as a self-declared Privacy Consent Directive.

The Consent resource on FHIR provides support for alternative representations for expressing interoperable health information privacy consent directives in a standard form for the exchange and enforcement by sending, intermediating, or receiving systems of privacy policies that can be enforced by consuming systems (e.g., scanned documents, of computable structured entries elements, FHIR structures with optional attached, or referenced unstructured representations.) It may be used to represent the Privacy Consent Directive itself, a Consent Statement, which electronically represents a Consent Directive, or Consent Metadata, which is the minimum necessary consent content derived from a Consent Directive for use in workflow management.

6.2.10 Optimal Searching

The following steps represent the optimal path for searching for a Consent resource.

Request one or more Consent where status=active by Consent.scope (with patient(s), if none specified, get all). Policy will decide how to deal with multiple per patient and how to iterate through (e.g., select most recent).
Locally inspect Consent.provision for base policy acceptance/denial with Consent.policyRule
If policyRule not understandable, refer to Privacy Office
Locally inspect Consent.provision for contexts (e.g., provision.purpose, provision.actor, etc.) as above
Inspect Consent.provision.provision (et.al) for exceptions

6.2.11 Search Parameters

Search parameters for this resource. See also the full list of search parameters for this resource, and check the Extensions registry for search parameters on extensions related to this resource. The common parameters also apply. See Searching for more information about searching in REST, messaging, and services.

Name	Type	Description	Expression	In Common
action	token	Actions controlled by this rule	Consent.provision.action
actor	reference	Resource for the actor (or group, by role)	Consent.provision.actor.reference (Practitioner, Group, Organization, CareTeam, Device, Patient, PractitionerRole, RelatedPerson)
category	token	Classification of the consent statement - for indexing/retrieval	Consent.category
controller	reference	Consent Enforcer	Consent.controller (Practitioner, Organization, Patient, HealthcareService)
data	reference	The actual data reference	Consent.provision.data.reference (Any)
date	date	When consent was agreed to	Consent.date	27 Resources
grantee	reference	Who is agreeing to the policy and rules	Consent.grantee (Practitioner, Organization, CareTeam, Patient, HealthcareService, PractitionerRole, RelatedPerson)
identifier	token	Identifier for this record (external references)	Consent.identifier	65 Resources
manager	reference	Consent workflow management	Consent.manager (Practitioner, Organization, Patient, HealthcareService)
patient	reference	Who the consent applies to	Consent.subject.where(resolve() is Patient) (Patient)	66 Resources
period	date	Timeframe for this rule	Consent.provision.period
purpose	token	Context of activities covered by this rule	Consent.provision.purpose
security-label	token	Security Labels that define affected resources	Consent.provision.securityLabel
source-reference	reference	Search by reference to a Consent, DocumentReference, Contract or QuestionnaireResponse	Consent.sourceReference (Consent, Contract, QuestionnaireResponse, DocumentReference)
status	token	draft \| active \| inactive \| entered-in-error \| unknown	Consent.status
subject	reference	Who the consent applies to	Consent.subject (Practitioner, Group, Patient)
verified	token	Has been verified	Consent.verification.verified
verified-date	date	When consent verified	Consent.verification.verificationDate