name.given
FHIRPath Normative Release (v2.0.0)
This is the current officially released version of FHIRPath, v2.0.0.
For a full list of available versions, see the Directory of published versions 
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| Implementable Technology Specifications Work Group | Maturity Level: N | Standards Status: Normative |
FHIRPath is a path based navigation and extraction language, somewhat like XPath. Operations are expressed in terms of the logical content of hierarchical data models, and support traversal, selection and filtering of data. Its design was influenced by the needs for path navigation, selection and formulation of invariants in both HL7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) and HL7 Clinical Quality Language (CQL).
Looking for implementations? See FHIRPath Implementations on the HL7 wiki
Version: 2.0.0 Public Domain (Creative Commons 0)
Formal Name: |
HL7 Cross-Paradigm Specification: FHIRPath, Release 1 |
ANSI Designation: |
ANSI/HL7 NMN R1-2020 |
Date of Approval: |
2020-01-16 |
FHIRPath is an ANSI Normative Standard. ANSI has certificated that the portions of this specification marked Normative have met its requirements for development of a formal standard.
Note: The following sections of this specification have not received significant implementation experience and are marked for Standard for Trial Use (STU):
Aggregates
Types - Reflection
Functions - Math
In addition, the appendices are included as additional documentation and are informative content.
In Information Systems in general, and Healthcare Information Systems in particular, the need for formal representation of logic is both pervasive and critical. From low-level technical specifications, through intermediate logical architectures, up to the high-level conceptual descriptions of requirements and behavior, the ability to formally represent knowledge in terms of expressions and information models is essential to the specification and implementation of these systems.
Of particular importance is the ability to easily and precisely express conditions of basic logic, such as those found in requirements constraints (e.g. Patients must have a name), decision support (e.g. if the patient has diabetes and has not had a recent comprehensive foot exam), cohort definitions (e.g. All male patients aged 60-75), protocol descriptions (e.g. if the specimen has tested positive for the presence of sodium), and numerous other environments.
Precisely because the need for such expressions is so pervasive, there is no shortage of existing languages for representing them. However, these languages tend to be tightly coupled to the data structures, and even the information models on which they operate, XPath being a typical example. To ensure that the knowledge captured by the representation of these expressions can survive technological drift, a representation that can be used independent of any underlying physical implementation is required.
Languages meeting these additional requirements also exist, such as Object Constraint Language (OCL), Java, JavaScript, C#, and others. However, these languages are both tightly coupled to the platforms in which they operate, and, because they are general-purpose development languages, come with much heavier tooling and technology dependencies than is warranted or desirable. Even constraining one of these grammars would be insufficient, resulting in the need to extend, defeating the purpose of basing it on an existing language in the first place.
Given these constraints, and the lack of a specific language that meets all of these requirements, there is a need for a simple, lightweight, platform- and structure-independent graph traversal language. FHIRPath meets these requirements, and can be used within various environments to provide for simple but effective formal representation of expressions.
Graph-traversal: FHIRPath is a graph-traversal language; authors can clearly and concisely express graph traversal on hierarchical information models (e.g. Health Level 7 - Version 3 (HL7 V3), Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR), virtual Medical Record (vMR), Clinical Information Modeling Initiative (CIMI), and Quality Data Model (QDM)).
Fluent: FHIRPath has a syntax based on the Fluent Interface pattern
Collection-centric: FHIRPath deals with all values as collections, allowing it to easily deal with information models with repeating elements.
Platform-independent: FHIRPath is a conceptual and logical specification that can be implemented in any platform.
Model-independent: FHIRPath deals with data as an abstract model, allowing it to be used with any information model.
In Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR), FHIRPath is used within the specification to provide formal definitions for conditions such as validation invariants, search parameter paths, etc. Within Clinical Quality Language (CQL), FHIRPath is used to simplify graph-traversal for hierarchical information models.
In both FHIR and CQL, the model independence of FHIRPath means that expressions can be written that deal with the contents of the resources and data types as described in the Logical views, or the UML diagrams, rather than against the physical representation of those resources. JSON and XML specific features are not visible to the FHIRPath language (such as comments and the split representation of primitives (i.e. value[x])).
The expressions can in theory be converted to equivalent expressions in XPath, OCL, or another similarly expressive language.
FHIRPath can be used against many other graphs as well. For example, Use of FHIRPath on HL7 Version 2 messages describes how FHIRPath is used in HL7 V2.
Throughout this documentation, monospace font is used to delineate expressions of FHIRPath.
Optional parameters to functions are enclosed in square brackets in the definition of a function. Note that the brackets are only used to indicate optionality in the signature, they are not part of the actual syntax of FHIRPath.
All operations and functions return a collection, but if the operation or function will always produce a collection containing a single item of a predefined type, the description of the operation or function will specify its output type explicitly, instead of just stating collection, e.g. all(…) : Boolean
Throughout this specification, formatting patterns for Date, Time, and DateTime values are described using an informal description with the following markers:
YYYY - A full four digit year (0001..9999), padded with leading zeroes if necessary
MM - A full two digit month value (01..12), padded with leading zeroes if necessary
DD - A full two digit day value (00..31), padded with leading zeroes if necessary
hh - A full two digit hour value (00..24), padded with leading zeroes if necessary
mm - A full two digit minute value (00..59), padded with leading zeroes if necessary
ss - A full two digit second value (00..59), padded with leading zeroes if necessary
fff - A fractional millisecond value (0..999)
These formatting patterns are set in bold to distinguish them typographically from literals or code and to make clear that they are not intended to be formally interpreted as regex patterns.
This specification uses the conformance verbs SHALL, MUST, SHOULD, and MAY as defined in RFC 2119. Unlike RFC 2119, however, this specification allows that different applications might not be able to interoperate because of how they use optional features. In particular:
SHALL/MUST: An absolute requirement for all implementations
SHALL/MUST NOT: An absolute prohibition against inclusion for all implementations
SHOULD/SHOULD NOT: A best practice or recommendation to be considered by implementers within the context of their particular implementation; there may be valid resons to ignore an item, but the full implications must be understood and carefully weighed before choosing a different course
MAY: This is truly optional language for an implementation; can be inluced or omitted as the implementer decides with no implications.
FHIRPath navigates and selects nodes from a tree that abstracts away and is independent of the actual underlying implementation of the source against which the FHIRPath query is run. This way, FHIRPath can be used on in-memory Plain Old Java Objects (POJOs), XML data or any other physical representation, so long as that representation can be viewed as classes that have properties. In somewhat more formal terms, FHIRPath operates on a directed acyclic graph of classes as defined by a Meta Object Facility (MOF)-equivalent [MOF] type system. In this specification, the structures on which FHIRPath operates are referred to as the Object Model.
Data are represented as a tree of labelled nodes, where each node may optionally carry a primitive value and have child nodes. Nodes need not have a unique label, and leaf nodes must carry a primitive value. For example, a (partial) representation of a FHIR Patient resource in this model looks like this:
The diagram shows a tree with a repeating name node, which represents repeating members of the FHIR Object Model. Leaf nodes such as use and family carry a (string) value. It is also possible for internal nodes to carry a value, as is the case for the node labelled active: this allows the tree to represent FHIR "primitives", which may still have child extension data.
FHIRPath expressions are then evaluated with respect to a specific instance, such as the Patient one described above. This instance is referred to as the context (also called the root) and paths within the expression are evaluated in terms of this instance.
FHIRPath allows navigation through the tree by composing a path of concatenated labels, e.g.
name.givenThis would result in a collection of nodes, one with the value 'Wouter' and one with the value 'Gert'. In fact, each step in such a path results in a collection of nodes by selecting nodes with the given label from the step before it. The input collection at the beginning of the evaluation contained all elements from Patient, and the path name selected just those named name. Since the name element repeats, the next step given along the path, will contain all nodes labeled given from all nodes name in the preceding step.
The path may start with the type of the root node (which otherwise does not have a name), but this is optional. To illustrate this point, the path name.given above can be evaluated as an expression on a set of data of any type. However the expression may be prefixed with the name of the type of the root:
Patient.name.givenThe two expressions have the same outcome, but when evaluating the second, the evaluation will only produce results when used on data of type Patient. When resolving an identifier that is also the root of a FHIRPath expression, it is resolved as a type name first, and if it resolves to a type, it must resolve to the type of the context (or a supertype). Otherwise, it is resolved as a path on the context. If the identifier cannot be resolved, the evaluation will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
Syntactically, FHIRPath defines identifiers as any sequence of characters consisting only of letters, digits, and underscores, beginning with a letter or underscore. Paths may use backticks to include characters in path parts that would otherwise be interpreted as keywords or operators, e.g.:
Message.`PID-1`Collections are fundamental to FHIRPath, in that the result of every expression is a collection, even if that expression only results in a single element. This approach allows paths to be specified without having to care about the cardinality of any particular element, and is therefore ideally suited to graph traversal.
Within FHIRPath, a collection is:
Ordered - The order of items in the collection is important and is preserved through operations as much as possible. Operators and functions that do not preserve order will note that in their documentation.
Non-Unique - Duplicate elements are allowed within a collection. Some operations and functions, such as distinct() and the union operator | produce collections of unique elements, but in general, duplicate elements are allowed.
Indexed - Each item in a collection can be addressed by its index, i.e. ordinal position within the collection (e.g. a[2]).
Unless specified otherwise by the underlying Object Model, the first item in a collection has index 0. Note that if the underlying model specifies that a collection is 1-based (the only reasonable alternative to 0-based collections), any collections generated from operations on the 1-based list are 0-based.
Countable - The number of items in a given collection can always be determined using the count() function
Note that the outcome of functions like children() and descendants() cannot be assumed to be in any meaningful order, and first(), last(), tail(), skip() and take() should not be used on collections derived from these paths. Note that some implementations may follow the logical order implied by the object model, and some may not, and some may be different depending on the underlying source. Implementations may decide to return an error if an attempt is made to perform an order-dependent operation on a list whose order is undefined.
In the underlying representation of data, nodes may be typed and represent polymorphic items. Paths may either ignore the type of a node, and continue along the path or may be explicit about the expected node and filter the set of nodes by type before navigating down child nodes:
Observation.value.unit - all kinds of value
Observation.value.ofType(Quantity).unit - only values that are of type QuantityThe is operator can be used to determine whether or not a given value is of a given type:
Observation.value is Quantity // returns true if the value is of type QuantityThe as operator can be used to treat a value as a specific type:
Observation.value as Quantity // returns value as a Quantity if it is of type Quantity, and an empty result otherwiseThe list of available types that can be passed as an argument to the ofType() function and is and as operators is determined by the underlying object model. Within FHIRPath, they are just identifiers, either delimited or simple.
FHIRPath expressions can consist of paths, literals, operators, and function invocations, and these elements can be chained together, so that the output of one operation or function is the input to the next. This is the core of the fluent [Fluent] syntactic style and allows complex paths and expressions to be built up from simpler components.
In addition to paths, FHIRPath expressions may contain literals, operators, and function invocations. FHIRPath supports the following types of literals:
Boolean: true, false
String: 'test string', 'urn:oid:3.4.5.6.7.8'
Integer: 0, 45
Decimal: 0.0, 3.14159265
Date: @2015-02-04 (@ followed by ISO8601 compliant date)
DateTime: @2015-02-04T14:34:28+09:00 (@ followed by ISO8601 compliant date/time)
Time: @T14:34:28 (@ followed by ISO8601 compliant time beginning with T, no timezone offset)
Quantity: 10 'mg', 4 daysFor each type of literal, FHIRPath defines a named system type to allow operations and functions to be defined, as well as an ultimate root type, System.Any. For example, the multiplication operator (*) is defined for the numeric types Integer and Decimal, as well as the Quantity type. See the discussion on Models for a more detailed discussion of how these types are used within evaluation contexts.
The Boolean type represents the logical Boolean values true and false. These values are used as the result of comparisons, and can be combined using logical operators such as and and or.
true
falseThe String type represents string values up to 231-1 characters in length. String literals are surrounded by single-quotes and may use \-escapes to escape quotes and represent Unicode characters:
| Escape | Character |
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Single-quote |
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Double-quote |
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Backtick |
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Carriage Return |
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Line Feed |
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Tab |
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Form Feed |
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Backslash |
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Unicode character, where XXXX is the hexadecimal representation of the character |
No other escape sequences besides those listed above are recognized.
Note that Unicode is supported in both string literals and delimited Identifiers.
'test string'
'urn:oid:3.4.5.6.7.8'If a \ is used at the beginning of a non-escape sequence, it will be ignored and will not appear in the sequence.
define TestEscape1: '\p' // 'p'
define TestEscape2: '\\p' // '\p'
define TestEscape3: '\3' // '3'
define TestEscape4: '\u005' // 'u005'
define TestEscape5: '\' // ''The Integer type represents whole numbers in the range -231 to 231-1.
0
45
-5Note that the minus sign (
-) in the representation of a negative integer is not part of the literal, it is the unary negation operator defined as part of FHIRPath syntax.
The Decimal type represents real values in the range (-1028+1)/108 to (1028-1)/108 with a step size of 10-8. This range is defined based on a survey of decimal-value implementations and is based on the most useful lowest common denominator. Implementations can provide support for larger decimals and higher precision, but must provide at least the range and precision defined here. In addition, implementations should use fixed-precision decimal formats to ensure that decimal values are accurately represented.
0.0
3.14159265Decimal literals cannot use exponential notation. There is enough additional complexity associated with enabling exponential notation that this is outside the scope of what FHIRPath is intended to support (namely graph traversal).
The Date type represents date and partial date values in the range @0001-01-01 to @9999-12-31 with a 1 day step size.
The Date literal is a subset of [ISO8601]:
A date literal begins with an @
It uses the format YYYY-MM-DD format, though month and day parts are optional, and a separator is required between provided components
Week dates and ordinal dates are not allowed
Years must be present (e.g. @-10-20 is not a valid Date in FHIRPath)
Months must be present if a day is present
To specify a date and time together, see the description of DateTime below
The following examples illustrate the use of the Date literal:
@2014-01-25
@2014-01
@2014Consult the formal grammar for more details.
The Time type represents time-of-day and partial time-of-day values in the range @T00:00:00.000 to @T23:59:59.999 with a step size of 1 millisecond. This range is defined based on a survey of time implementations and is based on the most useful lowest common denominator. Implementations can provide support for higher precision, but must provide at least the range and precision defined here. Time values in FHIRPath do not have a timezone or timezone offset.
The Time literal uses a subset of [ISO8601]:
A time begins with a @T
It uses the Thh:mm:ss.fff format
The following examples illustrate the use of the Time literal:
@T12:00
@T14:30:14.559Consult the formal grammar for more details.
The DateTime type represents date/time and partial date/time values in the range @0001-01-01T00:00:00.000 to @9999-12-31T23:59:59.999 with a 1 millisecond step size. This range is defined based on a survey of datetime implementations and is based on the most useful lowest common denominator. Implementations can provide support for larger ranges and higher precision, but must provide at least the range and precision defined here.
The DateTime literal combines the Date and Time literals and is a subset of [ISO8601]:
A datetime literal begins with an @
It uses the YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.fff(+|-)hh:mm format
Timezone offset is optional, but if present the notation (+|-)hh:mm is used (so must include both minutes and hours)
Z is allowed as a synonym for the zero (+00:00) UTC offset.
A T can be used at the end of any date (year, year-month, or year-month-day) to indicate a partial DateTime.
The following example illustrates the use of the DateTime literal:
@2014-01-25T14:30:14.559
@2014-01-25T14:30:14.559Z // A date time with UTC timezone offset
@2014-01-25T14:30 // A partial DateTime with year, month, day, hour, and minute
@2014-03-25T // A partial DateTime with year, month, and day
@2014-01T // A partial DateTime with year and month
@2014T // A partial DateTime with only the yearThe suffix T is allowed after a year, year-month, or year-month-day literal because without it, there would be no way to specify a partial DateTime with only a year, month, or day; the literal would always result in a Date value.
Consult the formal grammar for more details.
The Quantity type represents quantities with a specified unit, where the value component is defined as a Decimal, and the unit element is represented as a String that is required to be either a valid Unified Code for Units of Measure [UCUM] unit or one of the calendar duration keywords, singular or plural.
The Quantity literal is a number (integer or decimal), followed by a (single-quoted) string representing a valid Unified Code for Units of Measure [UCUM] unit or calendar duration keyword. If the value literal is an Integer, it will be implicitly converted to a Decimal in the resulting Quantity value:
4.5 'mg'
100 '[degF]'Implementations must respect UCUM units, meaning that they must not ignore UCUM units in calculations involving quantities, including comparison, conversion, and arithmetic operations. For implementations that do not support unit conversion, this means that the calculation need only be supported if the units are the same value, case-sensitively.
When using [UCUM] units within FHIRPath, implementations shall use case-sensitive comparisons.
Implementations shall support comparison and arithmetic operations on quantities with units where the units are the same.
Implementations should support other unit functionality as specified by UCUM, including unit conversion.
Implementations that do not support complete UCUM functionality may return empty (
{ }) for calculations involving quantities with units where the units are different.
For time-valued quantities, in addition to the definite duration UCUM units, FHIRPath defines calendar duration keywords for calendar duration units:
| Calendar Duration | Unit Representation | Relationship to Definite Duration UCUM Unit |
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For example, the following quantities are calendar duration quantities:
1 year
4 daysWhereas the following quantities are definite duration quantities:
1 'a'
4 'd'The table above defines the equality/equivalence relationship between calendar and definite duration quantities. For example, 1 year is not equal to 1 'a', but it is equivalent to 1 'a'. See Date/Time Arithmetic for more information on using time-valued quantities in FHIRPath.
Expressions can also contain operators, like those for mathematical operations and boolean logic:
Appointment.minutesDuration / 60 > 5
MedicationAdministration.wasNotGiven implies MedicationAdministration.reasonNotGiven.exists()
name.given | name.family // union of given and family names
'sir ' + name.givenOperators available in FHIRPath are covered in detail in the Operations section.
Finally, FHIRPath supports the notion of functions, which operate on a collection of values (referred to as the input collection), optionally taking arguments, and return another collection (referred to as the output collection). For example:
(name.given | name.family).substring(0,4)
identifier.where(use = 'official')Since all functions work on collections, constants will first be converted to a collection when functions are invoked on constants:
(4+5).count()will return 1, since this is implicitly a collection with one constant number 9.
In general, functions in FHIRPath operate on collections and return new collections. This property, combined with the syntactic style of dot invocation enables functions to be chained together, creating a fluent-style syntax:
Patient.telecom.where(use = 'official').union(Patient.contact.telecom.where(use = 'official')).exists().not()For a complete listing of the functions defined in FHIRPath, refer to the Functions section.
There is no literal representation for null in FHIRPath. This means that when, in an underlying data object (i.e. they physical data on which the implementation is operating) a member is null or missing, there will simply be no corresponding node for that member in the tree, e.g. Patient.name will return an empty collection (not null) if there are no name elements in the instance.
In expressions, the empty collection is represented as { }.
FHIRPath functions and operators both propagate empty results, but the behavior is in general different when the argument to the function or operator expects a collection (e.g. select(), where() and | (union)) versus when the argument to the function or operator takes a single value as input (e.g. + and substring()).
For functions or operators that take a single values as input, this means in general if the input is empty, then the result will be empty as well. More specifically:
If a single-input operator or function operates on an empty collection, the result is an empty collection
If a single-input operator or function is passed an empty collection as an argument, the result is an empty collection
If any operand to a single-input operator or function is an empty collection, the result is an empty collection.
For operator or function arguments that expect collections, in general the empty collection is treated as any other collection would be. For example, the union (|) of an empty collection with some non-empty collection is that non-empty collection.
When functions or operators behave differently from these general principles, (for example the count() and empty() functions), this is clearly documented in the next sections.
In general, when a collection is passed as an argument to a function or operator that expects a single item as input, the collection is implicitly converted to a singleton as follows:
IF the collection contains a single node AND the node's value can be converted to the expected input type THEN
The collection evaluates to the value of that single node
ELSE IF the collection contains a single node AND the expected input type is Boolean THEN
The collection evaluates to true
ELSE IF the collection is empty THEN
The collection evaluates to an empty collection
ELSE
The evaluation will end and signal an error to the calling environmentFor example:
Patient.name.family + ', ' + Patient.name.givenIf the Patient instance has a single name, and that name has a single given, then this will evaluate without any issues. However, if the Patient has multiple name elements, or the single name has multiple given elements, then it’s ambiguous which of the elements should be used as the input to the + operator, and the result is an error.
As another example:
Patient.active and Patient.gender and Patient.telecomAssuming the Patient instance has an active value of true, a gender of female and a single telecom element, this expression will result in true. However, consider a different instance of Patient that has an active value of true, a gender of male, and multiple telecom elements, then this expression will result in an error because of the multiple telecom elements.
Note that for repeating elements like telecom in the above example, the logic looks like an existence check. To avoid confusion and reduce unintended errors, authors should use the explicit form of these checks when appropriate. For example, a more explicit rendering of the same logic that more clearly indicates the actual intent and avoids the run-time rror is:
Patient.active and Patient.gender and Patient.telecom.count() = 1Functions are distinguished from path navigation names by the fact that they are followed by a () with zero or more arguments. Throughout this specification, the word parameter is used to refer to the definition of a parameter as part of the function definition, while the word argument is used to refer to the values passed as part of a function invocation. With a few minor exceptions (e.g. the today() function), functions in FHIRPath always operate on a collection of values (referred to as the input collection) and produce another collection as output (referred to as the output collection), even though these may be collections of just a single item.
Correspondingly, arguments to the functions can be any FHIRPath expression, though functions taking a single item as input require these expressions to evaluate to a collection containing a single item of a specific type. This approach allows functions to be chained, successively operating on the results of the previous function in order to produce the desired final result.
The following sections describe the functions supported in FHIRPath, detailing the expected types of parameters and type of collection returned by the function:
If the function expects the argument passed to a parameter to be a single value (e.g. startsWith(prefix: String)) and it is passed an argument that evaluates to a collection with multiple items, or to a collection with an item that is not of the required type (or cannot be converted to the required type), the evaluation of the expression will end and an error will be signaled to the calling environment.
If the function takes an expression as a parameter, the function will evaluate the expression passed for the parameter with respect to each of the items in the input collection. These expressions may refer to the special $this and $index elements, which represent the item from the input collection currently under evaluation, and its index in the collection, respectively. For example, in name.given.where($this > 'ba' and $this < 'bc') the where() function will iterate over each item in the input collection (elements named given) and $this will be set to each item when the expression passed to where() is evaluated.
For the aggregate function, expressions may also refer to the special $total element, representing the result of the aggregation.
Note that the bracket notation in function signatures indicates optional parameters.
Note also that although all functions return collections, if a given function is defined to return a single element, the return type is simplified to just the type of the single element, rather than the list type.
Returns true if the collection has any elements, and false otherwise. This is the opposite of empty(), and as such is a shorthand for empty().not(). If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is false.
The function can also take an optional criteria to be applied to the collection prior to the determination of the exists. In this case, the function is shorthand for where(criteria).exists().
Note that a common term for this function is any.
The following examples illustrate some potential uses of the exists() function:
Patient.name.exists()
Patient.identifier.exists(use = 'official')
Patient.telecom.exists(system = 'phone' and use = 'mobile')
Patient.generalPractitioner.exists($this is Practitioner)The first example returns true if the Patient has any name elements.
The second example returns true if the Patient has any identifier elements that have a use element equal to 'official'.
The third example retruns true if the Patient has any telecom elements that have a system element equal to 'phone' and a use element equal to 'mobile'.
And finally, the fourth example returns true if the Patient has any generalPractitioner elements of type Practitioner.
Returns true if for every element in the input collection, criteria evaluates to true. Otherwise, the result is false. If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is true.
generalPractitioner.all($this is Practitioner)This example returns true if all of the generalPractitioner elements are of type Practitioner.
Takes a collection of Boolean values and returns true if all the items are true. If any items are false, the result is false. If the input is empty ({ }), the result is true.
The following example returns true if all of the components of the Observation have a value greater than 90 mm[Hg]:
Observation.select(component.value > 90 'mm[Hg]').allTrue()Takes a collection of Boolean values and returns true if any of the items are true. If all the items are false, or if the input is empty ({ }), the result is false.
The following example returns true if any of the components of the Observation have a value greater than 90 mm[Hg]:
Observation.select(component.value > 90 'mm[Hg]').anyTrue()Takes a collection of Boolean values and returns true if all the items are false. If any items are true, the result is false. If the input is empty ({ }), the result is true.
The following example returns true if none of the components of the Observation have a value greater than 90 mm[Hg]:
Observation.select(component.value > 90 'mm[Hg]').allFalse()Takes a collection of Boolean values and returns true if any of the items are false. If all the items are true, or if the input is empty ({ }), the result is false.
The following example returns true if any of the components of the Observation have a value that is not greater than 90 mm[Hg]:
Observation.select(component.value > 90 'mm[Hg]').anyFalse()Returns true if all items in the input collection are members of the collection passed as the other argument. Membership is determined using the = (Equals) (=) operation.
Conceptually, this function is evaluated by testing each element in the input collection for membership in the other collection, with a default of true. This means that if the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is true, otherwise if the other collection is empty ({ }), the result is false.
The following example returns true if the tags defined in any contained resource are a subset of the tags defined in the MedicationRequest resource:
MedicationRequest.contained.meta.tag.subsetOf(MedicationRequest.meta.tag)Returns true if all items in the collection passed as the other argument are members of the input collection. Membership is determined using the = (Equals) (=) operation.
Conceptually, this function is evaluated by testing each element in the other collection for membership in the input collection, with a default of true. This means that if the other collection is empty ({ }), the result is true, otherwise if the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is false.
The following example returns true if the tags defined in any contained resource are a superset of the tags defined in the MedicationRequest resource:
MedicationRequest.contained.meta.tag.supersetOf(MedicationRequest.meta.tag)Returns the integer count of the number of items in the input collection. Returns 0 when the input collection is empty.
Returns a collection containing only the unique items in the input collection. To determine whether two items are the same, the = (Equals) (=) operator is used, as defined below.
If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is empty.
Note that the order of elements in the input collection is not guaranteed to be preserved in the result.
The following example returns the distinct list of tags on the given Patient:
Patient.meta.tag.distinct()Returns true if all the items in the input collection are distinct. To determine whether two items are distinct, the = (Equals) (=) operator is used, as defined below.
Conceptually, this function is shorthand for a comparison of the count() of the input collection against the count() of the distinct() of the input collection:
X.count() = X.distinct().count()This means that if the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is true.
Returns a collection containing only those elements in the input collection for which the stated criteria expression evaluates to true. Elements for which the expression evaluates to false or empty ({ }) are not included in the result.
If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is empty.
If the result of evaluating the condition is other than a single boolean value, the evaluation will end and signal an error to the calling environment, consistent with singleton evaluation of collections behavior.
The following example returns the list of telecom elements that have a use element with the value of 'official':
Patient.telecom.where(use = 'official')Evaluates the projection expression for each item in the input collection. The result of each evaluation is added to the output collection. If the evaluation results in a collection with multiple items, all items are added to the output collection (collections resulting from evaluation of projection are flattened). This means that if the evaluation for an element results in the empty collection ({ }), no element is added to the result, and that if the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is empty as well.
Bundle.entry.select(resource as Patient)This example results in a collection with only the patient resources from the bundle.
Bundle.entry.select((resource as Patient).telecom.where(system = 'phone'))This example results in a collection with all the telecom elements with system of phone for all the patients in the bundle.
Patient.name.where(use = 'usual').select(given.first() + ' ' + family)This example returns a collection containing, for each "usual" name for the Patient, the concatenation of the first given and family names.
A version of select that will repeat the projection and add it to the output collection, as long as the projection yields new items (as determined by the = (Equals) (=) operator).
This function can be used to traverse a tree and selecting only specific children:
ValueSet.expansion.repeat(contains)Will repeat finding children called contains, until no new nodes are found.
Questionnaire.repeat(item)Will repeat finding children called item, until no new nodes are found.
Note that this is slightly different from:
Questionnaire.descendants().select(item)which would find any descendants called item, not just the ones nested inside other item elements.
The order of items returned by the repeat() function is undefined.
Returns a collection that contains all items in the input collection that are of the given type or a subclass thereof. If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is empty. The type argument is an identifier that must resolve to the name of a type in a model. For implementations with compile-time typing, this requires special-case handling when processing the argument to treat it as type specifier rather than an identifier expression:
Bundle.entry.resource.ofType(Patient)In the above example, the symbol Patient must be treated as a type identifier rather than a reference to a Patient in context.
The indexer operation returns a collection with only the index-th item (0-based index). If the input collection is empty ({ }), or the index lies outside the boundaries of the input collection, an empty collection is returned.
Note: Unless specified otherwise by the underlying Object Model, the first item in a collection has index 0. Note that if the underlying model specifies that a collection is 1-based (the only reasonable alternative to 0-based collections), any collections generated from operations on the 1-based list are 0-based.
The following example returns the element in the name collection of the Patient with index 0:
Patient.name[0]Will return the single item in the input if there is just one item. If the input collection is empty ({ }), the result is empty. If there are multiple items, an error is signaled to the evaluation environment. This function is useful for ensuring that an error is returned if an assumption about cardinality is violated at run-time.
The following example returns the name of the Patient if there is one. If there are no names, an empty collection, and if there are multiple names, an error is signaled to the evaluation environment:
Patient.name.single()Returns a collection containing only the first item in the input collection. This function is equivalent to item[0], so it will return an empty collection if the input collection has no items.
Returns a collection containing only the last item in the input collection. Will return an empty collection if the input collection has no items.
Returns a collection containing all but the first item in the input collection. Will return an empty collection if the input collection has no items, or only one item.
Returns a collection containing all but the first num items in the input collection. Will return an empty collection if there are no items remaining after the indicated number of items have been skipped, or if the input collection is empty. If num is less than or equal to zero, the input collection is simply returned.
Returns a collection containing the first num items in the input collection, or less if there are less than num items. If num is less than or equal to 0, or if the input collection is empty ({ }), take returns an empty collection.
Merge the two collections into a single collection, eliminating any duplicate values (using = (Equals) (=) to determine equality). There is no expectation of order in the resulting collection.
In other words, this function returns the distinct list of elements from both inputs. For example, consider two lists of integers A: 1, 1, 2, 3 and B: 2, 3:
A union B // 1, 2, 3
A union { } // 1, 2, 3This function can also be invoked using the | operator.
a.union(b)is synonymous with
a | bMerge the input and other collections into a single collection without eliminating duplicate values. Combining an empty collection with a non-empty collection will return the non-empty collection. There is no expectation of order in the resulting collection.
FHIRPath defines both implicit and explicit conversion. Implicit conversions occur automatically, as opposed to explicit conversions that require the function be called explicitly. Implicit conversion is performed when an operator or function is used with a compatible type. For example:
5 + 10.0In the above expression, the addition operator expects either two Integers, or two Decimals, so implicit conversion is used to convert the integer to a decimal, resulting in decimal addition.
The following table lists the possible conversions supported, and whether the conversion is implicit or explicit:
| From\To | Boolean | Integer | Decimal | Quantity | String | Date | DateTime | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boolean |
N/A |
Explicit |
Explicit |
- |
Explicit |
- |
- |
- |
Integer |
Explicit |
N/A |
Implicit |
Implicit |
Explicit |
- |
- |
- |
Decimal |
Explicit |
- |
N/A |
Implicit |
Explicit |
- |
- |
- |
Quantity |
- |
- |
- |
N/A |
Explicit |
- |
- |
- |
String |
Explicit |
Explicit |
Explicit |
Explicit |
N/A |
Explicit |
Explicit |
Explicit |
Date |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Explicit |
N/A |
Implicit |
- |
DateTime |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Explicit |
Explicit |
N/A |
- |
Time |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Explicit |
- |
- |
N/A |
Implicit - Values of the type in the From column will be implicitly converted to values of the type in the To column when necessary
Explicit - Values of the type in the From column can be explicitly converted using a function defined in this section
N/A - Not applicable
- No conversion is defined
The functions in this section operate on collections with a single item. If there is more than one item, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
The iif function in FHIRPath is an immediate if, also known as a conditional operator (such as C’s ? : operator).
The criterion expression is expected to evaluate to a Boolean.
If criterion is true, the function returns the value of the true-result argument.
If criterion is false or an empty collection, the function returns otherwise-result, unless the optional otherwise-result is not given, in which case the function returns an empty collection.
Note that short-circuit behavior is expected in this function. In other words, true-result should only be evaluated if the criterion evaluates to true, and otherwise-result should only be evaluated otherwise. For implementations, this means delaying evaluation of the arguments.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single boolean if:
the item is a Boolean
the item is an Integer and is equal to one of the possible integer representations of Boolean values
the item is a Decimal that is equal to one of the possible decimal representations of Boolean values
the item is a String that is equal to one of the possible string representations of Boolean values
If the item is not one the above types, or the item is a String, Integer, or Decimal, but is not equal to one of the possible values convertible to a Boolean, the result is empty.
The following table describes the possible values convertible to an Boolean:
| Type | Representation | Result |
|---|---|---|
String |
|
|
|
|
|
Integer |
|
|
|
|
|
Decimal |
|
|
|
|
Note for the purposes of string representations, case is ignored (so that both 'T' and 't' are considered true).
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
the item is a Boolean
the item is an Integer that is equal to one of the possible integer representations of Boolean values
the item is a Decimal that is equal to one of the possible decimal representations of Boolean values
the item is a String that is equal to one of the possible string representations of Boolean values
If the item is not one of the above types, or the item is a String, Integer, or Decimal, but is not equal to one of the possible values convertible to a Boolean, the result is false.
Possible values for Integer, Decimal, and String are described in the toBoolean() function.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single integer if:
the item is an Integer
the item is a String and is convertible to an integer
the item is a Boolean, where true results in a 1 and false results in a 0.
If the item is not one the above types, the result is empty.
If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to an integer (using the regex format (\\+|-)?\d+), the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
the item is an Integer
the item is a String and is convertible to an Integer
the item is a Boolean
If the item is not one of the above types, or the item is a String, but is not convertible to an Integer (using the regex format (\\+|-)?\d+), the result is false.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single date if:
the item is a Date
the item is a DateTime
the item is a String and is convertible to a Date
If the item is not one of the above types, the result is empty.
If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to a Date (using the format YYYY-MM-DD), the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
the item is a Date
the item is a DateTime
the item is a String and is convertible to a Date
If the item is not one of the above types, or is not convertible to a Date (using the format YYYY-MM-DD), the result is false.
If the item contains a partial date (e.g. '2012-01'), the result is a partial date.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single datetime if:
the item is a DateTime
the item is a Date, in which case the result is a DateTime with the year, month, and day of the Date, and the time components empty (not set to zero)
the item is a String and is convertible to a DateTime
If the item is not one of the above types, the result is empty.
If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to a DateTime (using the format YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.fff(+|-)hh:mm), the result is empty.
If the item contains a partial datetime (e.g. '2012-01-01T10:00'), the result is a partial datetime.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
the item is a DateTime
the item is a Date
the item is a String and is convertible to a DateTime
If the item is not one of the above types, or is not convertible to a DateTime (using the format YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.fff(+|-)hh:mm), the result is false.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single decimal if:
the item is an Integer or Decimal
the item is a String and is convertible to a Decimal
the item is a Boolean, where true results in a 1.0 and false results in a 0.0.
If the item is not one of the above types, the result is empty.
If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to a Decimal (using the regex format (\\+|-)?\d+(\.\d+)?), the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will true if:
the item is an Integer or Decimal
the item is a String and is convertible to a Decimal
the item is a Boolean
If the item is not one of the above types, or is not convertible to a Decimal (using the regex format (\\+|-)?\d+(\.\d+)?), the result is false.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single quantity if:
the item is an Integer, or Decimal, where the resulting quantity will have the default unit ('1')
the item is a Quantity
the item is a String and is convertible to a Quantity
the item is a Boolean, where true results in the quantity 1.0 '1', and false results in the quantity 0.0 '1'
If the item is not one of the above types, the result is empty.
If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to a Quantity using the following regex format:
(?'value'(\+|-)?\d+(\.\d+)?)\s*('(?'unit'[^']+)'|(?'time'[a-zA-Z]+))?then the result is empty. For example, the following are valid quantity strings:
'4 days'
'10 \'mg[Hg]\''If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the unit argument is provided, it must be the string representation of a UCUM code (or a FHIRPath calendar duration keyword), and is used to determine whether the input quantity can be converted to the given unit, according to the unit conversion rules specified by UCUM. If the input quantity can be converted, the result is true, otherwise, the result is false.
For calendar durations, FHIRPath defines the following conversion factors:
| Calendar duration | Conversion factor |
|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that calendar duration conversion factors are only used when time-valued quantities appear in unanchored calculations. See Date/Time Arithmetic for more information on using time-valued quantities in FHIRPath.
Implementations are not required to support a complete UCUM implementation, and may return empty (
{ }) when theunitargument is used and it is different than the input quantity unit.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
the item is an Integer, Decimal, or Quantity
the item is a String that is convertible to a Quantity
the item is a Boolean
If the item is not one of the above types, or is not convertible to a Quantity using the following regex format:
(?'value'(\+|-)?\d+(\.\d+)?)\s*('(?'unit'[^']+)'|(?'time'[a-zA-Z]+))?then the result is false.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the unit argument is provided, it must be the string representation of a UCUM code (or a FHIRPath calendar duration keyword), and is used to determine whether the input quantity can be converted to the given unit, according to the unit conversion rules specified by UCUM. If the input quantity can be converted, the result is true, otherwise, the result is false.
Implementations are not required to support a complete UCUM implementation, and may return false when the
unitargument is used and it is different than the input quantity unit.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single String if:
the item in the input collection is a String
the item in the input collection is an Integer, Decimal, Date, Time, DateTime, or Quantity the output will contain its String representation
the item is a Boolean, where true results in 'true' and false in 'false'.
If the item is not one of the above types, the result is false.
The String representation uses the following formats:
| Type | Representation |
|---|---|
Boolean |
|
Integer |
|
Decimal |
|
Quantity |
|
Date |
YYYY-MM-DD |
DateTime |
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.fff(+|-)hh:mm |
Time |
hh:mm:ss.fff(+|-)hh:mm |
Note that for partial dates and times, the result will only be specified to the level of precision in the value being converted.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
the item is a String
the item is an Integer, Decimal, Date, Time, or DateTime
the item is a Boolean
the item is a Quantity
If the item is not one of the above types, the result is false.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return a single time if:
the item is a Time
the item is a String and is convertible to a Time
If the item is not one of the above types, the result is empty.
If the item is a String, but the string is not convertible to a Time (using the format hh:mm:ss.fff(+|-)hh:mm), the result is empty.
If the item contains a partial time (e.g. '10:00'), the result is a partial time.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains a single item, this function will return true if:
the item is a Time
the item is a String and is convertible to a Time
If the item is not one of the above types, or is not convertible to a Time (using the format hh:mm:ss.fff(+|-)hh:mm), the result is false.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
The functions in this section operate on collections with a single item. If there is more than one item, or an item that is not a String, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
To use these functions over a collection with multiple items, one may use filters like where() and select():
Patient.name.given.select(substring(0))This example returns a collection containing the first character of all the given names for a patient.
Returns the 0-based index of the first position substring is found in the input string, or -1 if it is not found.
If substring is an empty string (''), the function returns 0.
If the input or substring is empty ({ }), the result is empty ({ }).
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
'abcdefg'.indexOf('bc') // 1
'abcdefg'.indexOf('x') // -1
'abcdefg'.indexOf('abcdefg') // 0Returns the part of the string starting at position start (zero-based). If length is given, will return at most length number of characters from the input string.
If start lies outside the length of the string, the function returns empty ({ }). If there are less remaining characters in the string than indicated by length, the function returns just the remaining characters.
If the input or start is empty, the result is empty.
If an empty length is provided, the behavior is the same as if length had not been provided.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
'abcdefg'.substring(3) // 'defg'
'abcdefg'.substring(1, 2) // 'bc'
'abcdefg'.substring(6, 2) // 'g'
'abcdefg'.substring(7, 1) // { }Returns true when the input string starts with the given prefix.
If prefix is the empty string (''), the result is true.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
'abcdefg'.startsWith('abc') // true
'abcdefg'.startsWith('xyz') // falseReturns true when the input string ends with the given suffix.
If suffix is the empty string (''), the result is true.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
'abcdefg'.endsWith('efg') // true
'abcdefg'.ednsWith('abc') // falseReturns true when the given substring is a substring of the input string.
If substring is the empty string (''), the result is true.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
'abc'.contains('b') // true
'abc'.contains('bc') // true
'abc'.contains('d') // falseNote: The
.contains()function described here is a string function that looks for a substring in a string. This is different than thecontainsoperator, which is a list operator that looks for an element in a list.
Returns the input string with all characters converted to upper case.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
'abcdefg'.upper() // 'ABCDEFG'
'AbCdefg'.upper() // 'ABCDEFG'Returns the input string with all characters converted to lower case.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
'ABCDEFG'.lower() // 'abcdefg'
'aBcDEFG'.lower() // 'abcdefg'Returns the input string with all instances of pattern replaced with substitution. If the substitution is the empty string (''), instances of pattern are removed from the result. If pattern is the empty string (''), every character in the input string is surrounded by the substitution, e.g. 'abc'.replace('','x') becomes 'xaxbxcx'.
If the input collection, pattern, or substitution are empty, the result is empty ({ }).
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
'abcdefg'.replace('cde', '123') // 'ab123fg'
'abcdefg'.replace('cde', '') // 'abfg'
'abc'.replace('', 'x') // 'xaxbxcx'Returns true when the value matches the given regular expression. Regular expressions should function consistently, regardless of any culture- and locale-specific settings in the environment, should be case-sensitive, use 'single line' mode and allow Unicode characters.
If the input collection or regex are empty, the result is empty ({ }).
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
Matches the input using the regular expression in regex and replaces each match with the substitution string. The substitution may refer to identified match groups in the regular expression.
If the input collection, regex, or substitution are empty, the result is empty ({ }).
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
This example of replaceMatches() will convert a string with a date formatted as MM/dd/yy to dd-MM-yy:
'11/30/1972'.replace('\\b(?<month>\\d{1,2})/(?<day>\\d{1,2})/(?<year>\\d{2,4})\\b',
'${day}-${month}-${year}')Note: Platforms will typically use native regular expression implementations. These are typically fairly similar, but there will always be small differences. As such, FHIRPath does not prescribe a particular dialect, but recommends the use of the [PCRE] flavor as the dialect most likely to be broadly supported and understood.
Note: the contents of this section are Standard for Trial Use (STU)
The functions in this section operate on collections with a single item. Unless otherwise noted, if there is more than one item, or the item is not compatible with the expected type, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
Note also that although all functions return collections, if a given function is defined to return a single element, the return type in the description of the function is simplified to just the type of the single element, rather than the list type.
The math functions in this section enable FHIRPath to be used not only for path selection, but for providing a platform-independent representation of calculation logic in artifacts such as questionnaires and documentation templates. For example:
(%weight/(%height.power(2))).round(1)This example from a questionnaire calculates the Body Mass Index (BMI) based on the responses to the weight and height elements. For more information on the use of FHIRPath in questionnaires, see the [Structured Data Capture](http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/sdc/) (SDC) implementation guide.
Returns the absolute value of the input. When taking the absolute value of a quantity, the unit is unchanged.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
(-5).abs() // 5
(-5.5).abs() // 5.5
(-5.5 'mg').abs() // 5.5 'mg'Returns the first integer greater than or equal to the input.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
1.ceiling() // 1
1.1.ceiling() // 2
(-1.1).ceiling() // -1Returns e raised to the power of the input.
If the input collection contains an Integer, it will be implicitly converted to a Decimal and the result will be a Decimal.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
0.exp() // 1.0
(-0.0).exp() // 1.0Returns the first integer less than or equal to the input.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
1.floor() // 1
2.1.floor() // 2
(-2.1).floor() // -3Returns the natural logarithm of the input (i.e. the logarithm base e).
When used with an Integer, it will be implicitly converted to a Decimal.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
1.ln() // 0.0
1.0.ln() // 0.0Returns the logarithm base base of the input number.
When used with Integers, the arguments will be implicitly converted to Decimal.
If base is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
16.log(2) // 4.0
100.0.log(10.0) // 2.0Raises a number to the exponent power. If this function is used with Integers, the result is an Integer. If the function is used with Decimals, the result is a Decimal. If the function is used with a mixture of Integer and Decimal, the Integer is implicitly converted to a Decimal and the result is a Decimal.
If the power cannot be represented (such as the -1 raised to the 0.5), the result is empty.
If the input is empty, or exponent is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
2.power(3) // 8
2.5.power(2) // 6.25
(-1).power(0.5) // empty ({ })Rounds the decimal to the nearest whole number using a traditional round (i.e. 0.5 or higher will round to 1). If specified, the precision argument determines the decimal place at which the rounding will occur. If not specified, the rounding will default to 0 decimal places.
If specified, the number of digits of precision must be >= 0 or the evaluation will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If the input collection contains a single item of type Integer, it will be implicitly converted to a Decimal.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
1.round() // 1
3.14159.round(3) // 3.142Returns the square root of the input number as a Decimal.
If the square root cannot be represented (such as the square root of -1), the result is empty.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
Note that this function is equivalent to raising a number of the power of 0.5 using the power() function.
81.sqrt() // 9.0
(-1).sqrt() // emptyReturns the integer portion of the input.
If the input collection is empty, the result is empty.
If the input collection contains multiple items, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
101.truncate() // 101
1.00000001.truncate() // 1
(-1.56).truncate() // -1Returns a collection with all immediate child nodes of all items in the input collection. Note that the ordering of the children is undefined and using functions like first() on the result may return different results on different platforms.
Returns a collection with all descendant nodes of all items in the input collection. The result does not include the nodes in the input collection themselves. This function is a shorthand for repeat(children()). Note that the ordering of the children is undefined and using functions like first() on the result may return different results on different platforms.
Note: Many of these functions will result in a set of nodes of different underlying types. It may be necessary to use
ofType()as described in the previous section to maintain type safety. See Type safety and strict evaluation for more information about type safe use of FHIRPath expressions.
Adds a String representation of the input collection to the diagnostic log, using the name argument as the name in the log. This log should be made available to the user in some appropriate fashion. Does not change the input, so returns the input collection as output.
If the projection argument is used, the trace would log the result of evaluating the project expression on the input, but still return the input to the trace function unchanged.
contained.where(criteria).trace('unmatched', id).empty()The above example traces only the id elements of the result of the where.
The following functions return the current date and time. The timestamp that these functions use is an implementation decision, and implementations should consider providing options appropriate for their environment. In the simplest case, the local server time is used as the timestamp for these function.
To ensure deterministic evaluation, these operators should return the same value regardless of how many times they are evaluated within any given expression (i.e. now() should always return the same DateTime in a given expression, timeOfDay() should always return the same Time in a given expression, and today() should always return the same Date in a given expression.)
Operators are allowed to be used between any kind of path expressions (e.g. expr op expr). Like functions, operators will generally propagate an empty collection in any of their operands. This is true even when comparing two empty collections using the equality operators, e.g.
{} = {}
true > {}
{} != 'dummy'all result in {}.
Returns true if the left collection is equal to the right collection:
As noted above, if either operand is an empty collection, the result is an empty collection. Otherwise:
If both operands are collections with a single item, they must be of the same type (or be implicitly convertible to the same type), and:
For primitives:
String: comparison is based on Unicode values
Integer: values must be exactly equal
Decimal: values must be equal, trailing zeroes after the decimal are ignored
Boolean: values must be the same
Date: must be exactly the same
DateTime: must be exactly the same, respecting the timezone offset (though +00:00 = -00:00 = Z)
Time: must be exactly the same
For complex types, equality requires all child properties to be equal, recursively.
If both operands are collections with multiple items:
Each item must be equal
Comparison is order dependent
Otherwise, equals returns false.
Note that this implies that if the collections have a different number of items to compare, the result will be false.
Typically, this operator is used with single fixed values as operands. This means that Patient.telecom.system = 'phone' will result in an error if there is more than one telecom with a use. Typically, you’d want Patient.telecom.where(system = 'phone')
If one or both of the operands is the empty collection, this operation returns an empty collection.
When comparing quantities for equality, the dimensions of each quantity must be the same, but not necessarily the unit. For example, units of 'cm' and 'm' can be compared, but units of 'cm2' and 'cm' cannot. The comparison will be made using the most granular unit of either input. Attempting to operate on quantities with invalid units will result in empty ({ }).
For time-valued quantities, note that calendar durations and definite quantity durations above seconds are considered unequal:
1 year = 1 'a' // false
1 second = 1 's' // trueImplementations are not required to fully support operations on units, but they must at least respect units, recognizing when units differ.
Implementations that do support units shall do so as specified by [UCUM], as well as the calendar durations as defined in the toQuantity function.
For Date, DateTime and Time equality, the comparison is performed by considering each precision in order, beginning with years (or hours for time values), and respecting timezone offsets. If the values are the same, comparison proceeds to the next precision; if the values are different, the comparison stops and the result is false. If one input has a value for the precision and the other does not, the comparison stops and the result is empty ({ }); if neither input has a value for the precision, or the last precision has been reached, the comparison stops and the result is true. For the purposes of comparison, seconds and milliseconds are considered a single precision using a decimal, with decimal equality semantics.
For example:
@2012 = @2012 // returns true
@2012 = @2013 // returns false
@2012-01 = @2012 // returns empty ({ })
@2012-01-01T10:30 = @2012-01-01T10:30 // returns true
@2012-01-01T10:30 = @2012-01-01T10:31 // returns false
@2012-01-01T10:30:31 = @2012-01-01T10:30 // returns empty ({ })
@2012-01-01T10:30:31.0 = @2012-01-01T10:30:31 // returns true
@2012-01-01T10:30:31.1 = @2012-01-01T10:30:31 // returns falseFor DateTime values that do not have a timezone offsets, whether or not to provide a default timezone offset is a policy decision. In the simplest case, no default timezone offset is provided, but some implementations may use the client’s or the evaluating system’s timezone offset.
To support comparison of DateTime values, either both values have no timezone offset specified, or both values are converted to a common timezone offset. The timezone offset to use is an implementation decision. In the simplest case, it’s the timezone offset of the local server. The following examples illustrate expected behavior:
@2017-11-05T01:30:00.0-04:00 > @2017-11-05T01:15:00.0-05:00 // false
@2017-11-05T01:30:00.0-04:00 < @2017-11-05T01:15:00.0-05:00 // true
@2017-11-05T01:30:00.0-04:00 = @2017-11-05T01:15:00.0-05:00 // false
@2017-11-05T01:30:00.0-04:00 = @2017-11-05T00:30:00.0-05:00 // trueAdditional functions to support more sophisticated timezone offset comparison (such as .toUTC()) may be defined in a future version.
Returns true if the collections are the same. In particular, comparing empty collections for equivalence { } ~ { } will result in true.
If both operands are collections with a single item, they must be of the same type (or implicitly convertible to the same type), and:
For primitives
String: the strings must be the same, ignoring case and locale, and normalizing whitespace (see String Equivalence for more details).
Integer: exactly equal
Decimal: values must be equal, comparison is done on values rounded to the precision of the least precise operand. Trailing zeroes after the decimal are ignored in determining precision.
Date, DateTime and Time: values must be equal, except that if the input values have different levels of precision, the comparison returns false, not empty ({ }).
Boolean: the values must be the same
For complex types, equivalence requires all child properties to be equivalent, recursively.
If both operands are collections with multiple items:
Each item must be equivalent
Comparison is not order dependent
Note that this implies that if the collections have a different number of items to compare, or if one input is a value and the other is empty ({ }), the result will be false.
When comparing quantities for equivalence, the dimensions of each quantity must be the same, but not necessarily the unit. For example, units of 'cm' and 'm' can be compared, but units of 'cm2' and 'cm' cannot. The comparison will be made using the most granular unit of either input. Attempting to operate on quantities with invalid units will result in false.
For time-valued quantities, calendar durations and definite quantity durations are considered equivalent:
1 year ~ 1 'a' // true
1 second ~ 1 's' // trueImplementations are not required to fully support operations on units, but they must at least respect units, recognizing when units differ.
Implementations that do support units shall do so as specified by [UCUM] as well as the calendar durations as defined in the toQuantity function.
For Date, DateTime and Time equivalence, the comparison is the same as for equality, with the exception that if the input values have different levels of precision, the result is false, rather than empty ({ }). As with equality, the second and millisecond precisions are considered a single precision using a decimal, with decimal equivalence semantics.
For example:
@2012 ~ @2012 // returns true
@2012 ~ @2013 // returns false
@2012-01 ~ @2012 // returns false as well
@2012-01-01T10:30 ~ @2012-01-01T10:30 // returns true
@2012-01-01T10:30 ~ @2012-01-01T10:31 // returns false
@2012-01-01T10:30:31 ~ @2012-01-01T10:30 // returns false as well
@2012-01-01T10:30:31.0 ~ @2012-01-01T10:30:31 // returns true
@2012-01-01T10:30:31.1 ~ @2012-01-01T10:30:31 // returns falseFor strings, equivalence returns true if the strings are the same value while ignoring case and locale, and normalizing whitespace. Normalizing whitespace means that all whitespace characters are treated as equivalent, with whitespace characters as defined in the Whitespace lexical category.
The comparison operators are defined for strings, integers, decimals, quantities, dates, datetimes and times.
If one or both of the arguments is an empty collection, a comparison operator will return an empty collection.
Both arguments must be collections with single values, and the evaluator will throw an error if either collection has more than one item.
Both arguments must be of the same type (or implicitly convertible to the same type), and the evaluator will throw an error if the types differ.
When comparing integers and decimals, the integer will be converted to a decimal to make comparison possible.
String ordering is strictly lexical and is based on the Unicode value of the individual characters.
When comparing quantities, the dimensions of each quantity must be the same, but not necessarily the unit. For example, units of 'cm' and 'm' can be compared, but units of 'cm2' and 'cm' cannot. The comparison will be made using the most granular unit of either input. Attempting to operate on quantities with invalid units will result in empty ({ }).
For time-valued quantities, calendar durations and definite quantity durations above seconds are considered un-comparable:
1 year > 1 `a` // { } (empty)
10 seconds > 1 's' // trueImplementations are not required to fully support operations on units, but they must at least respect units, recognizing when units differ.
Implementations that do support units shall do so as specified by [UCUM] as well as the calendar durations as defined in the toQuantity function.
For partial Date, DateTime, and Time values, the comparison is performed by comparing the values at each precision, beginning with years, and proceeding to the finest precision specified in either input, and respecting timezone offsets. If one value is specified to a different level of precision than the other, the result is empty ({ }) to indicate that the result of the comparison is unknown. As with equality and equivalence, the second and millisecond precisions are considered a single precision using a decimal, with decimal comparison semantics.
See the Equals operator for discussion on respecting timezone offsets in comparison operations.
The greater than operator (>) returns true if the first operand is strictly greater than the second. The operands must be of the same type, or convertible to the same type using an implicit conversion.
10 > 5 // true
10 > 5.0 // true; note the 10 is converted to a decimal to perform the comparison
'abc' > 'ABC' // true
4 'm' > 4 'cm' // true (or { } if the implementation does not support unit conversion)
@2018-03-01 > @2018-01-01 // true
@2018-03 > @2018-03-01 // empty ({ })
@2018-03-01T10:30:00 > @2018-03-01T10:00:00 // true
@2018-03-01T10 > @2018-03-01T10:30 // empty ({ })
@2018-03-01T10:30:00 > @2018-03-01T10:30:00.0 // false
@T10:30:00 > @T10:00:00 // true
@T10 > @T10:30 // empty ({ })
@T10:30:00 > @T10:30:00.0 // falseThe less than operator (<) returns true if the first operand is strictly less than the second. The operands must be of the same type, or convertible to the same type using implicit conversion.
10 < 5 // false
10 < 5.0 // false; note the 10 is converted to a decimal to perform the comparison
'abc' < 'ABC' // false
4 'm' < 4 'cm' // false (or { } if the implementation does not support unit conversion)
@2018-03-01 < @2018-01-01 // false
@2018-03 < @2018-03-01 // empty ({ })
@2018-03-01T10:30:00 < @2018-03-01T10:00:00 // false
@2018-03-01T10 < @2018-03-01T10:30 // empty ({ })
@2018-03-01T10:30:00 < @2018-03-01T10:30:00.0 // false
@T10:30:00 < @T10:00:00 // false
@T10 < @T10:30 // empty ({ })
@T10:30:00 < @T10:30:00.0 // falseThe less or equal operator (<=) returns true if the first operand is less than or equal to the second. The operands must be of the same type, or convertible to the same type using implicit conversion.
10 <= 5 // true
10 <= 5.0 // true; note the 10 is converted to a decimal to perform the comparison
'abc' <= 'ABC' // true
4 'm' <= 4 'cm' // false (or { } if the implementation does not support unit conversion)
@2018-03-01 <= @2018-01-01 // false
@2018-03 <= @2018-03-01 // empty ({ })
@2018-03-01T10:30:00 <= @2018-03-01T10:00:00 // false
@2018-03-01T10 <= @2018-03-01T10:30 // empty ({ })
@2018-03-01T10:30:00 <= @2018-03-01T10:30:00.0 // true
@T10:30:00 <= @T10:00:00 // false
@T10 <= @T10:30 // empty ({ })
@T10:30:00 <= @T10:30:00.0 // trueThe greater or equal operator (>=) returns true if the first operand is greater than or equal to the second. The operands must be of the same type, or convertible to the same type using implicit conversion.
10 >= 5 // false
10 >= 5.0 // false; note the 10 is converted to a decimal to perform the comparison
'abc' >= 'ABC' // false
4 'm' >= 4 'cm' // true (or { } if the implementation does not support unit conversion)
@2018-03-01 >= @2018-01-01 // true
@2018-03 >= @2018-03-01 // empty ({ })
@2018-03-01T10:30:00 >= @2018-03-01T10:00:00 // true
@2018-03-01T10 >= @2018-03-01T10:30 // empty ({ })
@2018-03-01T10:30:00 >= @2018-03-01T10:30:00.0 // true
@T10:30:00 >= @T10:00:00 // true
@T10 >= @T10:30 // empty ({ })
@T10:30:00 >= @T10:30:00.0 // trueIf the left operand is a collection with a single item and the second operand is a type identifier, this operator returns true if the type of the left operand is the type specified in the second operand, or a subclass thereof. If the input value is not of the type, this operator returns false. If the identifier cannot be resolved to a valid type identifier, the evaluator will throw an error. If the input collections contains more than one item, the evaluator will throw an error. In all other cases this operator returns the empty collection.
A type specifier is an identifier that must resolve to the name of a type in a model. Type specifiers can have qualifiers, e.g. FHIR.Patient, where the qualifier is the name of the model.
Patient.contained.all($this is Patient implies age > 10)This example returns true if for all the contained resources, if the contained resource is of type Patient, then the age is greater than ten.
The is() function is supported for backwards compatibility with previous implementations of FHIRPath. Just as with the is keyword, the type argument is an identifier that must resolve to the name of a type in a model. For implementations with compile-time typing, this requires special-case handling when processing the argument to treat it as a type specifier rather than an identifier expression:
Patient.contained.all($this.is(Patient) implies age > 10)Note: The
is()function is defined for backwards compatibility only and may be deprecated in a future release.
If the left operand is a collection with a single item and the second operand is an identifier, this operator returns the value of the left operand if it is of the type specified in the second operand, or a subclass thereof. If the identifier cannot be resolved to a valid type identifier, the evaluator will throw an error. If there is more than one item in the input collection, the evaluator will throw an error. Otherwise, this operator returns the empty collection.
A type specifier is an identifier that must resolve to the name of a type in a model. Type specifiers can have qualifiers, e.g. FHIR.Patient, where the qualifier is the name of the model.
Observation.component.where(value as Quantity > 30 'mg')The as() function is supported for backwards compatibility with previous implementations of FHIRPath. Just as with the as keyword, the type argument is an identifier that must resolve to the name of a type in a model. For implementations with compile-time typing, this requires special-case handling when processing the argument to treat is a type specifier rather than an identifier expression:
Observation.component.where(value.as(Quantity) > 30 'mg')Note: The
as()function is defined for backwards compatibility only and may be deprecated in a future release.
Merge the two collections into a single collection, eliminating any duplicate values (using = (Equals) (=)) to determine equality). There is no expectation of order in the resulting collection.
See the union function for more detail.
If the left operand is a collection with a single item, this operator returns true if the item is in the right operand using equality semantics. If the left-hand side of the operator is empty, the result is empty, if the right-hand side is empty, the result is false. If the left operand has multiple items, an exception is thrown.
The following example returns true if 'Joe' is in the list of given names for the Patient:
'Joe' in Patient.name.givenIf the right operand is a collection with a single item, this operator returns true if the item is in the left operand using equality semantics. If the right-hand side of the operator is empty, the result is empty, if the left-hand side is empty, the result is false. This is the converse operation of in.
The following example returns true if the list of given names for the Patient has 'Joe' in it:
Patient.name.given contains 'Joe'For all boolean operators, the collections passed as operands are first evaluated as Booleans (as described in Singleton Evaluation of Collections). The operators then use three-valued logic to propagate empty operands.
Note: To ensure that FHIRPath expressions can be freely rewritten by underlying implementations, there is no expectation that an implementation respect short-circuit evaluation. With regard to performance, implementations may use short-circuit evaluation to reduce computation, but authors should not rely on such behavior, and implementations must not change semantics with short-circuit evaluation. If short-circuit evaluation is needed to avoid effects (e.g. runtime exceptions), use the
iff()function.
Returns true if both operands evaluate to true, false if either operand evaluates to false, and the empty collection ({ }) otherwise.
| and | true | false | empty |
|---|---|---|---|
true |
|
|
empty ( |
false |
|
|
|
empty |
empty ( |
|
empty ( |
Returns false if both operands evaluate to false, true if either operand evaluates to true, and empty ({ }) otherwise:
| or | true | false | empty |
|---|---|---|---|
true |
|
|
|
false |
|
|
empty ( |
empty |
|
empty ( |
empty ( |
Returns true if the input collection evaluates to false, and false if it evaluates to true. Otherwise, the result is empty ({ }):
| not | |
|---|---|
true |
|
false |
|
empty |
empty ( |
Returns true if exactly one of the operands evaluates to true, false if either both operands evaluate to true or both operands evaluate to false, and the empty collection ({ }) otherwise:
| xor | true | false | empty |
|---|---|---|---|
true |
|
|
empty ( |
false |
|
|
empty ( |
empty |
empty ( |
empty ( |
empty ( |
If the left operand evaluates to true, this operator returns the boolean evaluation of the right operand. If the left operand evaluates to false, this operator returns true. Otherwise, this operator returns true if the right operand evaluates to true, and the empty collection ({ }) otherwise.
| implies | true | false | empty |
|---|---|---|---|
true |
|
|
empty ( |
false |
|
|
|
empty |
|
empty ( |
empty ( |
The implies operator is useful for testing conditionals. For example, if a given name is present, then a family name must be as well:
Patient.name.given.exists() implies Patient.name.family.exists()
CareTeam.onBehalfOf.exists() implies (CareTeam.member.resolve() is Practitioner)
StructrureDefinition.contextInvariant.exists() implies StructureDefinition.type = 'Extension'Note that implies may use short-circuit evaluation in the case that the first operand evaluates to false.
The math operators require each operand to be a single element. Both operands must be of the same type, or of compatible types according to the rules for implicit conversion. Each operator below specifies which types are supported.
If there is more than one item, or an incompatible item, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
As with the other operators, the math operators will return an empty collection if one or both of the operands are empty.
When operating on quantities, the dimensions of each quantity must be the same, but not necessarily the unit. For example, units of 'cm' and 'm' can be compared, but units of 'cm2' and 'cm' cannot. The unit of the result will be the most granular unit of either input. Attempting to operate on quantities with invalid units will result in empty ({ }).
Implementations are not required to fully support operations on units, but they must at least respect units, recognizing when units differ.
Implementations that do support units shall do so as specified by [UCUM] as well as the calendar durations as defined in the toQuantity function.
Operations that cause arithmetic overflow or underflow will result in empty ({ }).
Multiplies both arguments (supported for Integer, Decimal, and Quantity). For multiplication involving quantities, the resulting quantity will have the appropriate unit:
12 'cm' * 3 'cm' // 36 'cm2'
3 'cm' * 12 'cm2' // 36 'cm3'Divides the left operand by the right operand (supported for Integer, Decimal, and Quantity). The result of a division is always Decimal, even if the inputs are both Integer. For integer division, use the div operator.
If an attempt is made to divide by zero, the result is empty.
For division involving quantities, the resulting quantity will have the appropriate unit:
12 'cm2' / 3 'cm' // 4.0 'cm'
12 / 0 // empty ({ })For Integer, Decimal, and quantity, adds the operands. For strings, concatenates the right operand to the left operand.
When adding quantities, the dimensions of each quantity must be the same, but not necessarily the unit.
3 'm' + 3 'cm' // 303 'cm'Subtracts the right operand from the left operand (supported for Integer, Decimal, and Quantity).
When subtracting quantities, the dimensions of each quantity must be the same, but not necessarily the unit.
3 'm' - 3 'cm' // 297 'cm'Performs truncated division of the left operand by the right operand (supported for Integer and Decimal). In other words, the division that ignores any remainder:
5 div 2 // 2
5.5 div 0.7 // 7
5 div 0 // empty ({ })Computes the remainder of the truncated division of its arguments (supported for Integer and Decimal).
5 mod 2 // 1
5.5 mod 0.7 // 0.6
5 mod 0 // empty ({ })For strings, will concatenate the strings, where an empty operand is taken to be the empty string. This differs from + on two strings, which will result in an empty collection when one of the operands is empty. This operator is specifically included to simplify treating an empty collection as an empty string, a common use case in string manipulation.
'ABC' + 'DEF' // 'ABCDEF'
'ABC' + { } + 'DEF' // { }
'ABC' & 'DEF' // 'ABCDEF'
'ABC' & { } & 'DEF' // 'ABCDEF'Date and time arithmetic operators are used to add time-valued quantities to date/time values. The left operand must be a Date, DateTime, or Time value, and the right operand must be a Quantity with a time-valued unit:
year, years
month, months
week, weeks
day, days
hour, hours
minute, minutes
second, seconds, or 's'
millisecond, milliseconds, or 'ms'
To avoid the potential confusion of calendar-based date/time arithmetic with definite duration date/time arithmetic, FHIRPath defines definite-duration date/time arithmetic for seconds and below, and calendar-based date/time arithmetic for seconds and above. At the second, calendar-based and definite-duration-based date/time arithmetic are identical. If a definite-quantity duration above seconds appears in a date/time arithmetic calculation, the evaluation will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
Within FHIRPath, calculations involving date/times and calendar durations shall use calendar semantics as specified in [ISO8601]. Specifically:
year |
The year, positive or negative, is added to the year component of the date or time value. If the resulting year is out of range, an error is thrown. If the month and day of the date or time value is not a valid date in the resulting year, the last day of the calendar month is used. |
month |
The month, positive or negative is divided by 12, and the integer portion of the result is added to the year component. The remaining portion of months is added to the month component. If the resulting date is not a valid date in the resulting year, the last day of the resulting calendar month is used. |
week |
The week, positive or negative, is multiplied by 7, and the resulting value is added to the day component, respecting calendar month and calendar year lengths. |
day |
The day, positive or negative, is added to the day component, respecting calendar month and calendar year lengths. |
hour |
The hours, positive or negative, are added to the hour component, with each 24 hour block counting as a calendar day, and respecting calendar month and calendar year lengths. |
minute |
The minutes, positive or negative, are added to the minute component, with each 60 minute block counting as an hour, and respecting calendar month and calendar year lengths. |
second |
The seconds, positive or negative, are added to the second component, with each 60 second block counting as a minute, and respecting calendar month and calendar year lengths. |
millisecond |
The milliseconds, positive or negative, are added to the millisecond component, with each 1000 millisecond block counting as a second, and respecting calendar month and calendar year lengths. |
If there is more than one item, or an item of an incompatible type, the evaluation of the expression will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
If either or both arguments are empty ({ }), the result is empty ({ }).
Returns the value of the given Date, DateTime, or Time, incremented by the time-valued quantity, respecting variable length periods for calendar years and months.
For Date values, the quantity unit must be one of: years, months, weeks, or days
For DateTime values, the quantity unit must be one of: years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, seconds, or milliseconds (or an equivalent unit), or the evaluation will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
For Time values, the quantity unit must be one of: hours, minutes, seconds, or milliseconds (or an equivalent unit), or the evaluation will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
For precisions above seconds, the decimal portion of the time-valued quantity is ignored, since date/time arithmetic above seconds is performed with calendar duration semantics.
For partial date/time values where the time-valued quantity is more precise than the partial date/time, the operation is performed by converting the time-valued quantity to the highest precision in the partial (removing any decimal value off) and then adding to the date/time value. For example:
@2014 + 24 months
@2019-03-01 + 24 months // @2021-03-01The first example above will evaluate to the value @2016 even though the date/time value is not specified to the level of precision of the time-valued quantity. The second example will evaluate to @2021-03-01.
@2014 + 23 months
@2016 + 365 daysThe first example above returns @2015, because 23 months only constitutes one year. The second example returns 2017 because even though 2016 is a leap-year, the time-valued quantity (365 days) is converted to 1 year, a standard calendar year of 365 days.
Calculations involving weeks are equivalent to multiplying the number of weeks by 7 and performing the calculation for the resulting number of days.
Returns the value of the given Date, DateTime, or Time, decremented by the time-valued quantity, respecting variable length periods for calendar years and months.
For Date values, the quantity unit must be one of: years, months, weeks, or days
For DateTime values, the quantity unit must be one of: years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, seconds, or milliseconds (or an equivalent unit), or the evaluation will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
For Time values, the quantity unit must be one of: hours, minutes, seconds, or milliseconds (or an equivalent unit), or the evaluation will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
For precisions above seconds, the decimal portion of the time-valued quantity is ignored, since date/time arithmetic above seconds is performed with calendar duration semantics.
For partial date/time values where the time-valued quantity is more precise than the partial date/time, the operation is performed by converting the time-valued quantity to the highest precision in the partial (removing any decimal value off) and then subtracting from the date/time value. For example:
@2014 - 24 months
@2019-03-01 - 24 months // @2017-03-01The first example above will evaluate to the value @2012 even though the date/time value is not specified to the level of precision of the time-valued quantity. The second example will evaluate to @2017-03-01.
Calculations involving weeks are equivalent to multiplying the number of weeks by 7 and performing the calculation for the resulting number of days.
Precedence of operations, in order from high to low:
#01 . (path/function invocation)
#02 [] (indexer)
#03 unary + and -
#04: *, /, div, mod
#05: +, -, &
#06: is, as
#07: |
#08: >, <, >=, <=
#09: =, ~, !=, !~
#10: in, contains
#11: and
#12: xor, or
#13: impliesAs customary, precedence may be established explicitly using parentheses (( )).
As an example, consider the following expression:
-7.combine(3)Because the invocation operator (.) has a higher precedence than the unary negation (-), the unary negation will be applied to the result of the combine of 7 and 3, resulting in an error (because unary negation cannot be applied to a list):
-(7.combine(3)) // ERRORUse parentheses to ensure the unary negation applies to the 7:
(-7).combine(3) // { -7, 3 }Note: the contents of this section are Standard for Trial Use (STU)
FHIRPath supports a general-purpose aggregate function to enable the calculation of aggregates such as sum, min, and max to be expressed:
Performs general-purpose aggregation by evaluating the aggregator expression for each element of the input collection. Within this expression, the standard iteration variables of $this and $index can be accessed, but also a $total aggregation variable.
The value of the $total variable is set to init, or empty ({ }) if no init value is supplied, and is set to the result of the aggregator expression after every iteration.
Using this function, sum can be expressed as:
value.aggregate($this + $total, 0)Min can be expressed as:
value.aggregate(iif($total.empty(), $this, iif($this < $total, $this, $total)))and average would be expressed as:
value.aggregate($total + $this, 0) / value.count()FHIRPath defines the following lexical elements:
| Element | Description |
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Whitespace |
Whitespace defines the separation between tokens in the language |
Comment |
Comments are ignored by the language, allowing for descriptive text |
Literal |
Literals allow basic values to be represented within the language |
Symbol |
Symbols such as |
Keyword |
Grammar-recognized tokens such as |
Identifier |
Labels such as type names and property names |
FHIRPath defines tab (\t), space ( ), line feed (\n) and carriage return (\r) as whitespace, meaning they are only used to separate other tokens within the language. Any number of whitespace characters can appear, and the language does not use whitespace for anything other than delimiting tokens.
FHIRPath defines two styles of comments, single-line, and multi-line. A single-line comment consists of two forward slashes, followed by any text up to the end of the line:
2 + 2 // This is a single-line commentTo begin a multi-line comment, the typical forward slash-asterisk token is used. The comment is closed with an asterisk-forward slash, and everything enclosed is ignored:
/*
This is a multi-line comment
Any text enclosed within is ignored
*/Literals provide for the representation of values within FHIRPath. The following types of literals are supported:
| Literal | Description |
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Empty ( |
The empty collection |
The boolean literals ( |
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Sequences of digits in the range 0..232-1 |
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Sequences of digits with a decimal point, in the range (-1028+1)/108..(1028-1)/108 |
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Strings of any character enclosed within single-ticks ( |
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An integer or decimal literal followed by a datetime precision specifier, or a [UCUM] unit specifier |
For a more detailed discussion of the semantics of each type, refer to the link for each type.
Symbols provide structure to the language and allow symbolic invocation of common operators such as addition. FHIRPath defines the following symbols:
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Parentheses for delimiting groups within expressions |
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Brackets for indexing into lists and strings |
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Braces for delimiting exclusively empty lists |
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Period for qualifiers, accessors, and dot-invocation |
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Comma for delimiting items in a syntactic list |
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Keywords are tokens that are recognized by the parser and used to build the various language constructs. FHIRPath defines the following keywords:
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In general, keywords within FHIRPath are also considered reserved words, meaning that it is illegal to use them as identifiers. FHIRPath keywords are reserved words, with the exception of the following keywords that may also be used as identifiers:
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If necessary, identifiers that clash with a reserved word can be delimited using a backtick ( ` ):
Patient.text.`div`.empty()The div element of the Patient.text must be offset with backticks ( ` ) because div is both a keyword and a reserved word.
Identifiers are used as labels to allow expressions to reference elements such as model types and properties. FHIRPath supports two types of identifiers, simple and delimited.
A simple identifier is any alphabetical character or an underscore, followed by any number of alpha-numeric characters or underscores. For example, the following are all valid simple identifiers:
Patient
_id
valueDateTime
_1234A delimited identifier is any sequence of characters enclosed in backticks ( ` ):
`QI-Core Patient`
`US-Core Diagnostic Request`
`us-zip`The use of backticks allows identifiers to contains spaces, commas, and other characters that would not be allowed within simple identifiers. This allows identifiers to be more descriptive, and also enables expressions to reference models that have property or type names that are not valid simple identifiers.
FHIRPath escape sequences for strings also work for delimited identifiers.
When resolving an identifier that is also the root of a FHIRPath expression, it is resolved as a type name first, and if it resolves to a type, it must resolve to the type of the context (or a supertype). Otherwise, it is resolved as a path on the context. If the identifier cannot be resolved, the evaluation will end and signal an error to the calling environment.
A token introduced by a % refers to a value that is passed into the evaluation engine by the calling environment. Using environment variables, authors can avoid repetition of fixed values and can pass in external values and data.
The following environmental values are set for all contexts:
%ucum // (string) url for UCUM (http://unitsofmeasure.org, per http://hl7.org/fhir/ucum.html)
%context // The original node that was passed to the evaluation engine before starting evaluationImplementers should note that using additional environment variables is a formal extension point for the language. Various usages of FHIRPath may define their own externals, and implementers should provide some appropriate configuration framework to allow these constants to be provided to the evaluation engine at run-time. E.g.:
%`us-zip` = '[0-9]{5}(-[0-9]{4}){0,1}'Note that the identifier portion of the token is allowed to be either a simple identifier (as in %ucum), or a delimited identifier to allow for alternative characters (as in %`us-zip`).
Note also that these tokens are not restricted to simple types, and they may have values that are not defined fixed values known prior to evaluation at run-time, though there is no way to define these kind of values in implementation guides.
Attempting to access an undefined environment variable will result in an error, but accessing a defined environment variable that does not have a value specified results in empty ({ }).
Note: For backwards compatibility with some existing implementations, the token for an environment variable may also be a string, as in
%'us-zip', with no difference in semantics.
Because FHIRPath is defined to work in multiple contexts, each context provides the definition for the structures available in that context. These structures are the model available for FHIRPath expressions. For example, within FHIR, the FHIR data types and resources are the model. To prevent namespace clashes, the type names within each model are prefixed (or namespaced) with the name of the model. For example, the fully qualified name of the Patient resource in FHIR is FHIR.Patient. The system types defined within FHIRPath directly are prefixed with the namespace System.
To allow type names to be referenced in expressions such as the is and as operators, the language includes a type specifier, an optionally qualified identifier that must resolve to the name of a model type.
When resolving a type name, the context-specific model is searched first. If no match is found, the System model (containing only the built-in types defined in the Literals section) is searched.
When resolving an identifier that is also the root of a FHIRPath expression, it is resolved as a type name first, and if it resolves to a type, it must resolve to the type of the context (or a supertype). Otherwise, it is resolved as a path on the context.
Note: The contents of this section are Standard for Trial Use (STU)
FHIRPath supports reflection to provide the ability for expressions to access type information describing the structure of values. The type() function returns the type information for each element of the input collection, using one of the following concrete subtypes of TypeInfo:
For primitive types such as String and Integer, the result is a SimpleTypeInfo:
SimpleTypeInfo { namespace: string, name: string, baseType: TypeSpecifier }For example:
('John' | 'Mary').type()Results in:
{
SimpleTypeInfo { namespace: 'System', name: 'String', baseType: 'System.Any' },
SimpleTypeInfo { namespace: 'System', name: 'String', baseType: 'System.Any' }
}For class types, the result is a ClassInfo:
ClassInfoElement { name: string, type: TypeSpecifier, isOneBased: Boolean }
ClassInfo { namespace: string, name: string, baseType: TypeSpecifier, element: List<ClassInfoElement> }For example:
Patient.maritalStatus.type()Results in:
{
ClassInfo {
namespace: 'FHIR',
name: 'CodeableConcept',
baseType: 'FHIR.Element',
element: {
ClassInfoElement { name: 'coding', type: 'List<Coding>', isOneBased: false },
ClassInfoElement { name: text', type: 'FHIR.string' }
}
}
}For collection types, the result is a ListTypeInfo:
ListTypeInfo { elementType: TypeSpecifier }For example:
Patient.address.type()Results in:
{
ListTypeInfo { elementType: 'FHIR.Address' }
}Anonymous types are structured types that have no associated name, only the elements of the structre. For example, in FHIR, the Patient.contact element has multiple sub-elements, but is not explicitly named. For types such as this, the result is a TupleTypeInfo:
TupleTypeInfoElement { name: string, type: TypeSpecifier, isOneBased: Boolean }
TupleTypeInfo { element: List<TupleTypeInfoElement> }For example:
Patient.contact.single().type()Results in:
{
TupleTypeInfo {
element: {
TupleTypeInfoElement { name: 'relationship', type: 'List<FHIR.CodeableConcept>', isOneBased: false },
TupleTypeInfoElement { name: 'name', type: 'FHIR.HumanName', isOneBased: false },
TupleTypeInfoElement { name: 'telecom', type: 'List<FHIR.ContactPoint>', isOneBased: false },
TupleTypeInfoElement { name: 'address', type: 'FHIR.Address', isOneBased: false },
TupleTypeInfoElement { name: 'gender', type: 'FHIR.code', isOneBased: false },
TupleTypeInfoElement { name: 'organization', type: 'FHIR.Reference', isOneBased: false },
TupleTypeInfoElement { name: 'period', type: 'FHIR.Period', isOneBased: false }
}
}
}Note: These structures are a subset of the abstract metamodel used by the Clinical Quality Language Tooling.
Strongly typed languages are intended to help authors avoid mistakes by ensuring that the expressions describe meaningful operations. For example, a strongly typed language would typically disallow the expression:
1 + 'John'because it performs an invalid operation, namely adding numbers and strings. However, there are cases where the author knows that a particular invocation may be safe, but the compiler is not aware of, or cannot infer, the reason. In these cases, type-safety errors can become an unwelcome burden, especially for experienced developers.
Because FHIRPath may be used in different situations and environments requiring different levels of type safety, implementations may make different choices about how much type checking should be done at compile-time versus run-time, and in what situations. Some implementations requiring a high degree of type-safety may choose to perform strict type-checking at compile-time for all invocations. On the other hand, some implementations may be unconcerned with compile-time versus run-time checking and may choose to defer all correctness checks to run-time.
For example, since some functions and most operators will only accept a single item as input (and throw a run-time exception otherwise):
Patient.name.given + ' ' + Patient.name.familywill work perfectly fine, as long as the patient has a single name, but will fail otherwise. It is in fact "safer" to formulate such statements as either:
Patient.name.select(given + ' ' + family)which would return a collection of concatenated first and last names, one for each name of a patient. Of course, if the patient turns out to have multiple given names, even this statement will fail and the author would need to choose the first name in each collection explicitly:
Patient.name.first().select(given.first() + ' ' + family.first())It is clear that, although more robust, the last expression is also much more elaborate, certainly in situations where, because of external constraints, the author is sure names will not repeat, even if the unconstrained object model allows repetition.
Apart from throwing exceptions, unexpected outcomes may result because of the way the equality operators are defined. The expression
Patient.name.given = 'Wouter'will return false as soon as a patient has multiple names, even though one of those may well be 'Wouter'. Again, this can be corrected:
Patient.name.where(given = 'Wouter').exists()but is still less concise than would be possible if constraints were well known in advance.
In cases where compile-time checking like this is desirable, implementations may choose to protect against such cases by employing strict typing. Based on the definitions of the operators and functions involved in the expression, and given the types of the inputs, a compiler can analyze the expression and determine whether "unsafe" situations can occur.
Unsafe uses are:
A function that requires an input collection with a single item is called on an output that is not guaranteed to have only one item.
A function is passed an argument that is not guaranteed to be a single value.
A function is passed an input value or argument that is not of the expected type
An operator that requires operands to be collections with a single item is called with arguments that are not guaranteed to have only one item.
An operator has operands that are not of the expected type
Equality operators are used on operands that are not both collections or collections containing a single item of the same type.
There are a few constructs in the FHIRPath language where the compiler cannot determine the type:
The children() and descendants() functions
The resolve() function
A member which is polymorphic (e.g. a choice[x] type in FHIR)
Note that the resolve() function is defined by the FHIR context, it is not part of FHIRPath directly. For more information see the FHIRPath section of the FHIR specification.
Authors can use the as operator or ofType() function directly after such constructs to inform the compiler of the expected type.
In cases where a compiler finds places where a collection of multiple items can be present while just a single item is expected, the author will need to make explicit how repetitions are dealt with. Depending on the situation one may:
Use first(), last() or indexer ([ ]) to select a single item
Use select() and where() to turn the expression into one that evaluates each of the repeating items individually (as in the examples above)
The formal syntax for FHIRPath is specified as an Antlr 4.0 grammar file (g4) and included in this specification at the following link:
Note: If there are discrepancies between this documentation and the grammar included at the above link, the grammar is considered the source of truth.
The model information returned by the reflection function type() is specified as an XML Schema document (xsd) and included in this specification at the following link:
Note: The model information file included here is not a normative aspect of the FHIRPath specification. It is the same model information file used by the Clinical Quality Framework Tooling and is included for reference as a simple formalism that meets the requirements described in the normative Reflection section above.
As discussed in the section on case-sensitivity, each model used within FHIRPath determines whether or not identifiers in the model are case-sensitive. This information is provided as part of the model information and tooling should respect the case-sensitive settings for each model.
To uniquely identify the FHIRPath language, the following URI is defined:
In addition, a media type is defined to support describing FHIRPath content:
text/fhirpath
Note: The appendices are included for informative purposes and are not a normative part of the specification.
FHIRPath can be used against HL7 V2 messages. This UML diagram summarises the Object Model on which the FHIRPath statements are written:
In this Object Model:
The object graph always starts with a message.
Each message has a list of segments.
In addition, Abstract Message Syntax is available through the groups() function, for use where the message follows the Abstract Message Syntax sufficiently for the parser to reconcile the segment list with the structure.
The names of the groups are the names published in the specification, e.g. 'PATIENT_OBSERVATION' (with spaces, where present, replaced by underscores. In case of doubt, consult the V2 XML schemas).
Each Segment has a list of fields, which each have a list of "Cells". This is necessary to allow for repeats, but users are accustomed to just jumping to Element - use the function elements() which returns all repeats with the given index.
A "cell" can be either an Element, a Component or a Sub-Components. Elements can contain Components, which can contain Sub-Components. Sub-Sub-Components are not allowed.
Calls may have a simple text content, or a series of (sub-)components. The simple() function returns either the text, if it exists, or the return value of simple() from the first component
A V2 data type (e.g. ST, SN, CE etc) is a profile on Cell that specifies whether it has simple content, or complex content.
todo: this object model doesn’t make provision for non-syntax escapes in the simple content (e.g. \.b\).
all the lists are 1 based. That means the first item in the list is numbered 1, not 0.
Some example queries:
Message.segment.where(code = 'PID').field[3].element.first().simple()Get the value of the first component in the first repeat of PID-3
Message.segment[2].elements(3).simple()Get a collection with is the string values of all the repeats in the the 3rd element of the 2nd segement. Typically, this assumes that there is no repeats, and so this is a simple value
Message.segment.where(code = 'PID').field[3].element.where(component[4].value = 'MR').simple()Pick out the MR number from PID-3 (assuming, in this case, that there’s only one PID segment in the message. No good for an A17). Note that this returns the whole Cell - e.g. |value^^MR|, though often more components will be present)
Message.segment.where(code = 'PID').elements(3).where(component[4].value = 'MR').component[1].textSame as the last, but pick out just the MR value
Message.group('PATIENT').group('PATIENT_OBSERVATION').item.ofType(Segment)
.where(code = 'OBX' and elements(2).exists(components(2) = 'LN')))Return any OBXs from the patient observations (and ignore others e.g. in a R01 message) segments that have LOINC codes. Note that if the parser cannot properly parse the Abstract Message Syntax, group() must fail with an error message.
This section lists known tooling and implementation projects for the FHIRPath language:
JavaScript: https://github.com/HL7/fhirpath.js/
Java RI: In the FHIR build tooling at org.hl7.fhir.dstu3.utils.FHIRPathEngine
Pascal RI: https://github.com/grahamegrieve/fhirserver/blob/master/library/r3/FHIR.R3.PathEngine.pas
In addition, there is a Notepad++ FHIR Plugin that enables evaluation of FHIRPath expressions:
There is a test harness for FHIRPath here:
The CQL-to-ELM translator that is maintained as part of the tooling for Clinical Quality Language supports FHIRPath:
For the most current listing of known implementations, refer to the HL7 wiki:
[ANTLR] Another Tool for Language Recognition (ANTLR) http://www.antlr.org/
[ISO8601] Date and time format - ISO 8601. https://www.iso.org/iso-8601-date-and-time-format.html
[CQL] HL7 Cross-Paradigm Specification: Clinical Quality Language, Release 1, STU Release 1.3. http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=400
[MOF] Meta Object Facility. https://www.omg.org/spec/MOF/, version 2.5.1, November 2016
[XMLRE] Regular Expressions. XML Schema 1.1. https://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-2/#regexs
[PCRE] Pearl-Compatible Regular Expressions. http://www.pcre.org/
[UCUM] Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM) http://unitsofmeasure.org/ucum.html, Version 2.1, Revision 442 (2017-11-21)
[FHIR] HL7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources http://hl7.org/fhir
[Fluent] Fluent interface pattern. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_interface
© HL7.org 2014+ (Implementable Technology Specifications WG). hl7.fhirpath#2.0.0 generated 2020-01-30.
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