DSTU2

This page is part of the FHIR Specification (v1.0.2: DSTU 2). The current version which supercedes this version is 5.0.0. For a full list of available versions, see the Directory of published versions . Page versions: R5 R4B R4 R3 R2

2.13.0 Profiling FHIR

FHIR Infrastructure Work GroupMaturity Level: N/ABallot Status: DSTU 2

The base FHIR specification (this specification) describes a set of base resources, frameworks and APIs that are used in many different contexts in healthcare. However there is wide variability between jurisdictions and across the healthcare ecosystem around practices, requirements, regulations, education and what actions are feasible and/or beneficial.

For this reason, the FHIR specification is a "platform specification" - it creates a common platform or foundation on which a variety of different solutions are implemented. As a consequence, this specification usually requires further adaptation to particular contexts of use. Typically, these adaptations specify:

  • Rules about which resource elements are or are not used, and what additional elements are added that are not part of the base specification
  • Rules about which API features are used, and how
  • Rules about which terminologies and used in particular elements
  • Descriptions of how the Resource elements and API features map to local requirements and/or implementations

Note that because of the nature of the healthcare ecosystem, there may be multiple overlapping sets of adaptations - by healthcare domain, by country, by institution, and/or by vendor/implementation.

2.13.0.1 Glossary

FHIR defines a cascade of artifacts for this purpose:

Artifact Description DAF example
Implementation Guide (IG) A coherent and bounded set of adaptations that are published as a single unit. Validation occurs within the context of the Implementation Guide DAF IG
Package A group of related adaptations that are published as a group within an Implementation Guide DAF Medication Usage
Conformance Resource A single resource in a package that makes rules about how an implementation works. These are described below DAF Prescription

The term "profile" is a general one that is used about either a "package" or an "item". "Profiling" is a general term that describes the process of creating an implementation guide, or any of the conformance resources found in one.

2.13.0.2 Conformance Resources

Typically, Implementation Guides both restrict and extend APIs, resources and terminologies. FHIR provides a set of resources that can be used to represent and share the decisions that have been made, and allows implementers to build useful services from them. These resources are known as the conformance resources. These conformance resources allow implementers to:

  • Indicate that some API calls are not used for a particular situation, and provide additional details about how API calls are used (Conformance Resource)
  • Add additional operations or search parameters not in the base specification (using the OperationDefinition resource or the SearchParameter Resource
  • Define how a particular structure (Resource, Extension or Data Type) is used (StructureDefinition Resource):
    • Describe how existing elements in resources are used
    • Identify existing elements that are not used
    • Define extensions that can be used in resources or data types
  • Mix custom and standard terminologies and choose which codes from these to use for a particular (Value Set and StructureDefinition Resources)
  • Map between local and standard terminologies or content models (Concept Map Resource)
  • Register system namespaces for identifiers and terminologies (NamingSystem Resource)
  • Describe and register in a Data Dictionary specific Data Elements that are used across systems (DataElement Resource)

These resources need to be used as discussed below, and also following the basic concepts for extension that are described in "Extensibility". For implementer convenience, the specification itself publishes its base definitions using these same resources.

2.13.0.3 Two uses of Profiles

The Conformance resource describes two different uses for profiles on resources: Resource Profiles and System Profiles. Resource Profiles are specified using the Conformance.rest.resource.profile element and System Profiles are specified using the Conformance.profile element.

2.13.0.3.1 Conformance.rest.resource.profile

These profiles describe the general features that are supported by the system for each kind of resource. Typically, this is the superset of all the different use-cases implemented by the system. This is a resource-level perspective of a system's functionality.

2.13.0.3.2 Conformance.profile

These profiles describe the information handled/produced by the system on a per use case basis. Some examples of the uses for these kind of profiles:

  • A Laboratory service producing a set of different reports - general chemistry, blood count, etc. Typical labs would support several hundred different reports
  • A care manager which handles a set of different types of care plans and associated clinical resources
  • A medications formulary that handles several different levels of sophistication in its medication representations

Typically, these profiles are a series of variations on the same set of resources - different use cases leading to handling the resources that represent them differently. These usecases described above all pertain to system that produce and publish data, but the same concept applies to systems that consume data. For instance:

  • An expert service that provides analysis on several different sets of data conforming to a particular pattern - tests x,y and z with particular codes and units

For producer and a consumer systems to exchange data successfully based on one of these system supported profiles, it's not enough to know that the systems happen to have system profiles that overlap for the use case of interest; the consumer must be able to filter the total set of resources made available by the producer system and deal only with the ones relevant to the use case.

As an example consider a laboratory system generating thousands of reports a day. 1% of those reports are a particular endocrine report that a decision support system knows how to process. Both systems declare that they support the particular endocrine report profile, but how does the expert system actually find the endocrine reports that it knows how to process?

One possible option is for the expert system to receive every single report coming from the lab system, check whether it conforms to the profile or not, and then decide whether to process it. Checking whether a resource conforms to a particular profile or not is a straight forward operation (one option is to use the provided tools for this), but this is very inefficient way - the expert system has to receive and process 100 times many resources as it uses. To help a consumer find the correct set of reports for a use-case, a producer of resources also SHALL, for any profile declared in Conformance.profile:

  1. Mark resources with profile assertions documenting the profile(s) they conform to (this enables indexing by the profile)
  2. (if a server) support searching by the _profile parameter for the declared profiles

Beyond these requirements, a producer of resources SHOULD ensure that any resource instance that would reasonably be expected to conform to the declared profiles SHOULD be published in this form.

DSTU Note: there are many uninvestigated issues associated with this use of profiles. HL7 is actively seeking feedback from users who experiment in this area, and users should be prepared for changes to features and obligations in this area in the future.

Feedback here .

2.13.0.4 Extending and Restricting the API

A conformance resource lists the REST interactions (read, update, search, etc.) that a server provides or that a client uses, along with some supporting information for each. It can also be used to define a set of desired behavior (e.g. as part of a specification or a Request for Proposal). The only interaction that servers are required to support is the Conformance interaction itself - to retrieve the server's conformance statement. Beyond that, servers and clients support and use whichever API calls are relevant to their use case.

In addition to the operations that FHIR provides, servers may provide additional operations that are not part of the FHIR specification. Implementers can safely do this by appending a custom operation name prefixed with '$' to an existing FHIR URL, as the Operations framework does. The Conformance resource supports defining what OperationDefinitions make use of particular names on an end-point. If services are defined that are not declared using OperationDefinition, it may be appropriate to use longer names, reducing the chance of collision (and confusion) with services declared by other interfaces. The base specification will never define operation names with a "." in them, so implementers are recommended to use some appropriate prefix for their names (such as "ihe.someService") to reduce the likelihood of name conflicts.

Implementations are encouraged, but not required, to define operations using the standard FHIR operations framework - that is, to declare the operations using the OperationDefinition resource, but some operations may involve formats that can't be described that way.

Implementations are also able to extend the FHIR API using additional content types. For instance, it might be useful to read or update the appointment resources using a vCard based format. vCard defines its own mime type, and these additional mime types can safely be used in addition to those defined in this specification.

2.13.0.5 Extending and Restricting Resources

Extending and restricting resources (collectively known as 'profiling a resource') is done with a "StructureDefinition" resource, which is a statement of rules about how the elements in a resource are used, and where extensions are used in a resource.

2.13.0.6 Changing Cardinality

One key function of profiles is to change the cardinality of an element. A profile can restrict the cardinality of an element within the limits of the base structure it is constraining. This table summarizes what types of restrictions are allowed:

derived (across)
base (down)
0..0
(Not used)
0..1
(optional)
0..n
(optional, many)
1..1
(required)
1..n
(at least 1)
0..1 yes yes no yes no
0..* yes yes yes yes yes
1..1 no no no yes no
1..* no no no yes yes

When a profile is constraining another profile where there are more cardinality options (e.g. low is not just 0 or 1, and high is not just 1 or *), the same principles still apply: the constraining profile can only allow what the base profile allows.

2.13.0.7 Limitations of Use

What Structure Definitions can do when they are constraining existing resources and datatypes is limited in some respects:

  • Profiles cannot break the rules established in the base specification (e.g. cardinality as described above)
  • Profiles cannot specify default values or meanings for elements
  • Profiles cannot give more specific names to elements
  • It must be safe to process a resource without knowing the profile

The consequence of this is that if a profile mandates extended behavior that cannot be ignored, it must also mandate the use of a modifier extension. Another way of saying this is that knowledge must be explicit in the instance, not implicit in the profile.

As an example, if a profile wished to describe that a Procedure resource was being negated (e.g. asserting that it never happened), it could not simply say in the profile itself that this is what the resource means; instead, the profile must say that the resource must have an extension that represents this knowledge.

There is a facility to mark resources to indicate that they can only be safely understood by a process that is aware of and understands a set of published rules. For more information, see Restricted Understanding of Resources.

2.13.0.8 Using Structure Definitions

A "constraint" Structure Definition specifies a set of restrictions on the content of a FHIR resource or data type, or an additional set of constraints on an existing profile. A given structure definition is identified by its canonical URL, which SHOULD be the URL at which it is published. The following kinds of statements can be made about how an element is used, using a series of Element Definitions:

  • Restricting the cardinality of the element; e.g. the base might allow 0..*, and a particular application might support 1..2
  • Ruling out use of an element by setting its maximum cardinality to 0
  • Restricting the contents of an element to a single fixed value
  • Making additional constraints on the content of nested elements within the resource (expressed as XPath statements)
  • Restricting the types for an element that allows multiple types
  • Requiring a typed element or the target of a resource reference to conform to another structure profile (declared in the same profile, or elsewhere)
  • Specifying a binding to a different terminology value set (see below)
  • Providing alternative definitions, comments/usage notes and examples for the elements defined in a Resource to explain how they are used in the context of the Profile
  • Providing more specific or additional mappings (e.g. to HL7 v2 or HL7 v3 ) for the resource when used in a particular context
  • Declaring that one or more elements in the structure must be 'supported' (see below)

Any changed definitions SHALL be restrictions that are consistent with the rules defined in the resource in the FHIR Specification from which the profile is derived. Note that some of these restrictions can be enforced by tooling (and are by the FHIR tooling), but others (e.g. alignment of changes to descriptive text) cannot be automatically enforced.

Note that structure definitions cannot 'remove' mappings and constraints that are defined in the base structure, but for purposes of clarity, they can refrain from repeating them.

A structure definition contains a linear list of element definitions. The inherent nested structure of the elements is derived from the path value of each element. For instance, a sequence of the element paths like this:

  • Root
  • Root.childA
  • Root.childA.grandchild1
  • Root.childB

defines the following structure:

 <Root>
   <childA>
     <grandChild/>
   </childA>
   <childB/>
 </Root>

or its JSON equivalent. The structure is coherent - children are never implied, and the path statements are always in order. The element list is a linear list rather than being explicitly nested because element definitions are frequently re-used in multiple places within a single definition, and this re-use is easier with a flat structure.

2.13.0.9 Differential vs Snapshot

Structure Definitions may contain a differential statement, a snapshot statement or both.

Differential statements describe only the differences that they make relative to another structure definition (which is most often the base FHIR resource or data type). For example, a profile may make a single element mandatory (cardinality 1..1). In the case of a differential structure, it will contain a single element with the path of the element being made mandatory, and a cardinality statement. Nothing else is stated - all the rest of the structural information is implied (note: this means that a differential profile can be sparse and only mention the elements that are changed, without having to list the full structure).

Note that a differential can choose not to constrain elements. Doing so means that the profile will be more flexible in terms of compatibility with other profiles, but will require more work to support from implementing systems. Alternatively, a profile can constrain all optional elements to be not present (max cardinality = 0) - this closes the content, which makes implementation easier, but the reduces its usefulness.

In order to properly understand a differential structure, it must be applied to the structure definition on which it is based. In order to save tools from needing to support this operation (which is computationally intensive - and impossible if the base structure is not available), a StructureDefinition can also carry a "snapshot" - a fully calculated form of the structure that is not dependent on any other structure. The FHIR project provides tools for the common platforms that can populate a snapshot from a differential (note that the tools generate complete verbose snapshots; it does not support suppressing mappings or constraints).

StructureDefinitions can contain both a differential and a snapshot view. In fact, this is the most useful form - the differential form serves the authoring process, while the snapshot serves the implementation tooling. StructureDefinition resources used in operational systems should always have the snapshot view populated.

2.13.0.10 Slicing

One common feature of constraining Structure Definitions is to take an element that may occur more than once (e.g. in a list), and split the list into a series of sublists, each with different restrictions on the elements in the sublist with associated additional meaning. In FHIR, this operation is known as "Slicing" a list. It is common to "slice" a list into sub-lists each containing just one element, effectively putting constraints on each element in the list. This technique can also be used on elements that do not repeat, but that have a choice of data types.

Here is an example to illustrate the process:

Slicing diagram

In this example, the base structure definition for the resource Observation defines the "component" element which contains a nested code and a value for observations that have multiple values. A classic example of this kind of observation is a blood pressure measurement - it contains 2 values, one for systolic, and one for diastolic (example).

This diagram shows the conceptual process of 'slicing' the component list into systolic and diastolic slices (note: to avoid clutter, the "name" attribute of Observation is shown as just a code not a full CodeableConcept).

The structure definition for Blood Pressure splits the component list into two sublists of one element each: a systolic element, and a diastolic element. Each of these elements has a fixed value for the code element (a fixed LOINC code for the name), and both have a value of type Quantity. This process is known as "slicing" and the Systolic and Diastolic elements are called "slices".

Note that when the resource is exchanged, the wire format that is exchanged is not altered by the constraining definition. This means that the item profile names defined in the structure definition ("systolic", etc. in this example) are never exchanged. A resource instance looks like this:

 <Observation>
   ...
   <component>
     <code {LOINC="8480-6}"/>
     <value ...> 
   </component>
   <component>
     <code {LOINC="8462-4}"/>
     <value ...>
   </component>
 </Observation>

In order to determine that the first related item corresponds to "Systolic" in the structure definition, so that it can determine to which additional constraints for a sub-list the item conforms, the system checks the values of the elements. In this case, the "name" element in the target resource can be used to determine which slice that target refers to. This element is called the "discriminator".

2.13.0.11 Discriminator

In the general case, systems processing resources using a structure definition that slices a list can determine the slice corresponding to an item in the list by checking whether its content meets the rules specified for the slice. This would require a processor to be able to check all the rules applied in the slice and to do so speculatively in a depth-first fashion. Neither of these is appropriate for an operational system, and particularly not for generated code. Thus, to provide a better way to distinguish slices, a sliced element can designate a field or set of fields that act as a "discriminator" - they are used to tell the slices apart.

When a discriminator is provided, the composite of the values of the elements designated in the discriminator is unique and distinct for each possible slice and applications can easily determine which slice an item in a list is. The intention is that this can be done in generated code, e.g. using a switch/case statement. When slicing elements with a choice of types, the discrimnator SHALL be "@type".

When a constraining structure designates one or more discriminators, it SHALL fix the value of the element for each discriminator for each slice (using ElementDefinition.fixed[x]), or if the element has a terminology binding, it SHALL be associated with a complete binding with a required Value Set that enumerates the list of possible codes in the value set. The structure definition SHALL ensure that there is no overlap between the set of values and/or codes in the value sets between slices. Note: At present, only a fixed value or a required value set should be used for slicing; using ElementDefinition.pattern[x]) is not recommended as a basis for slicing while issues related to this are investigated during the DSTU period.

It is the composite (combined) values of the discriminators that are unique, not each discriminator alone. For example, a slice on a list of items that are references to other resources could designate fields from different resources, where each resource only has one of the designated elements, as long as they are distinct across slices.

A structure definition is not required to designate any discriminator at all for a slice, but those that don't identify discriminators are describing content that is very difficult to process, and so this is discouraged.

Within a structure definition, a slice is defined using multiple element entries that share a path but have distinct names. These entries together form a "slice group" that is:

  1. Initiated by a "slicing entry" That is, the first element in a slice group must contain a slicing property that defines the discriminator for all members of the group. It also contains the unconstrained definition of the element that is sliced, potentially including children of the unconstrained element, if there are any
  2. Mutually exclusive. This means that each element in a slice group SHALL describe a distinct set of values for the group's discriminators. Because of this constraint, an element in a resource instance will never match more than one element in a given slice group. If no discriminators are named, it SHOULD still be possible to differentiate the slices based on their properties, though it may be substantially harder to do so.
  3. Serialized as a group. The entries in a slice group must be adjacent in a serialized structure definition, or, if there are any intervening elements, those elements must be "compatible with" the group. Concretely, this means that any intervening elements must have a path that starts with the slice groups's path. For example, an element with a path of Observation.name.extension would be compatible with (and thus, would not "break up") a slice group whose path was Observation.name

The value of the discriminator element is a path name that identifies the descendant element using a dotted notation. For references, the path transitions smoothly across the reference and into the children of the root element/object of the resource. For extensions, an extension can be qualified with the URL of the extensions being referred to. There are two special names: @type, and @profile. Here are some example discriminators:

Context Discriminator Interpretation
List.entry item.reference.name Entries are differentiated by the name element on the target resource - probably an observation, which could be determined by other information in the profile
List.entry item.reference.@type Entries are differentiated by the type of the target element that the reference points to
List.entry item.reference.@profile Entries are differentiated by a profile tag on the target of the reference, as specified by a structure definition (todo: how to do that?)
List.entry item.extension["http://acme.org/extensions/test"].code Entries are differentiated by the value of the code element in the extension with the designated URL
List.entry.extension url Extensions are differentiated by the value of their url property (usually how extensions are sliced)
List.entry item.reference.@type, item.reference.code Extensions are differentiated by the combination of the type of the referenced resource, and, if it has one, the code element of that resource. This would be appropriate for where a List might be composed of a Condition, and set of observations, each differentiated by its name - the condition has no name, so that is evaluated as a null in the discriminator set
Observation.value[x] @type Different constraints (e.g. "must support", usage notes, vocabulary bindings, etc.) are asserted for different supported types for the multi-typed element Observation.value[x]

The examples of slicing and discriminators show exactly how this and other typical uses of slicing are represented in profiles.

2.13.0.12 Re-slicing

When creating a profile based on another profile, it's sometimes necessary to slice data that has already been sliced in the base profile. This is called "Re-slicing". The rules for re-slicing are as follows:

When you slice, you define a name for each new slice. The name has to be unique across the set of slices in the profile. So if profile A defines an element X with cardinality 0..*, and profile B is derived from profile A, then profile B can either:

  1. make a constraint on X with no name - in which case the profile is constraining all appearances of X; or
  2. make a constraint on X with a name - in which case the profile is describing a specific slice on X, and the constraints only apply to that slice; or
  3. it can do both

Then, profile C derives from profile B. Profile C can do the following:

  1. make a constraint on X with no name - in which case the profile is constraining all appearances of X; or
  2. make a constraint on X with a different name from that used in profile B - in which case the profile is describing a specific new slice on X, and the constraints only apply to that slice; or
  3. make a constraint on X with the same name as that used in profile B - in which case the profile is making new constraints on the slice defined in profile B; or
  4. some combination of the above options

Note: it is possible for Profile C to make rules that are incompatible with profile B, in which case there is no set of instances that can be valid against profile C

In addition to the above, there are times when Profile C will need to further slice a slice defined in B. In this case, there's a need to reference both the name of the original slice from Profile B as well as to define a name for the slice defined within Profile C. This is done by separating the names using "/". For example, if Profile B defines the slice "example", and profile C defines the slice "example/example1", then this is deemed to be "example1" slice of the example slice. This process can continue indefinitely by separating each layer of slicing names with the "/" character.

2.13.0.13 Extension Definitions

An extension definition defines the URL that identifies the extension and which is used to refer to the extension definition when it is used in a resource.

The extension definition also defines the context where the extension can be used (usually a particular path or a data type) and then defines the extension element using the same details used to profile the structural elements that are part of resources. This means that a single extension can be defined once and used on different Resource and/or datatypes, e.g. one would only have to define an extension for "hair color" once, and then specify that it can be used on both Patient and Practitioner.

For further discussion of defining and using extensions, along with some examples, see Extensibility.

2.13.0.13.1 Using Extensions in Profiles

Once defined, an extension can be used in an instance of a resource without any Profile declaring that it can, should or must be, but Profiles can be used to describe how an extension is used.

To actually prescribe the use of an extension in an instance, the extension list on the resource needs to be sliced. This is shown in the extensibility examples

Note that the minimum cardinality of an extension SHALL be a valid restriction on the minimum cardinality in the definition of the extension. if the minimum cardinality of the extension is 1 when it is defined, it can only be mandatory when it is added to a profile. This is not recommended - the minimum cardinality of an extension should usually be 0.

2.13.0.14 Binding Definitions

Coded elements have bindings that link from the element to a definition of the set of possible codes the element may contain. The binding identifies the definition of the set of possible codes and controls how tightly the set of the possible codes is interpreted.

The set of possible codes is either a formal reference to a ValueSet resource, which may be version specific, or a general reference to some web content that defines a set of codes. The second is most appropriate where a set of values is defined by some external standard (such as mime types). Alternatively, where the binding is incomplete (e.g. under development) just a text description of the possible codes can be provided.

Bindings have a property that defines how the strongly implementations are required to use the set of codes. See Binding Strength.

2.13.0.15 Mixing Custom and Standard Terminologies

Value Set resources can be used to carry definitions of local code systems (Example) and to mix a combination of local codes and standard codes (e.g. LOINC, SNOMED), or just to choose a particular set of standard codes (examples: LOINC, SNOMED, RxNorm). Profiles can bind to these value sets instead of the ones defined in the base specification, following these rules:

Binding Strength in base specification Customization Rules in Profiles
required The value set can only contain codes contained in the value set specified by the FHIR specification
extensible The value set can contain codes not found in the base value set. These additional codes SHOULD NOT have the same meaning as existing codes in the base value set
preferred The value set can contain whatever is appropriate for local use
example The value set can contain whatever is appropriate for local use

Note that local codes are not as interoperable as standard published code systems (e.g. LOINC, SNOMED CT, so it is preferable to use standard code systems.

2.13.0.16 Changing Binding Strength in Profiles

A profile can change the terminology binding of an element - both strength and value set - within the limits of the base structure it is constraining. This table summarises the changes that can be made to the binding strength:

derived (across)
base (down)
required extensible preferred example
required yes no no no
extensible yes yes no no
preferred yes yes yes no
example yes yes yes yes

Note that a constraining profile may leave the binding strength the same and change the value set instead. Whatever the constraining profile does, it cannot make codes valid that are invalid in the base structure/profile.

2.13.0.17 Must Support

One property that can be declared on profiles that is not declared on the resource or data type definitions is "Must Support". This is a boolean property. If true, it means that systems claiming to conform to a given profile must "support" the element. This is distinct from cardinality. It is possible to have an element with a minimum cardinality of "0", but still expect systems to support the element.

The meaning of "support" is not defined by the base FHIR specification, but can be set to true in a profile. When a profile does this, it SHALL also make clear exactly what kind of "support" is required. Examples might include:

  • The system must be able to store and retrieve the element
  • The system must display the element to the user and/or allow the user to capture the element via the UI
  • The element must appear in an output report
  • The element must be taken into account when performing decision support, calculations or other processing
  • etc.

The specific meaning of "Must Support" for the purposes of a particular profile SHALL be described in the element.definition, the general StructureDefinition.description or in other documentation for the implementation guide the profile is part of.

If creating a profile based on another profile, Must Support can be changed from false to true, but cannot be changed from true to false. Note that an element that has the property IsModifier is not necessarily a "key" element (e.g. one of the important elements to make use of the resource), nor is it automatically mustSupport - however both of these things are more likely to be true for IsModifier elements than for other elements.

2.13.0.18 Search Criteria

The final thing implementations can do is to define search criteria in addition to those defined in the specification itself. Search criteria fall into one of four categories:

  1. Enabling search on core elements that don't have standard search criteria defined (e.g. searching Observation by normal range)
  2. Enabling search on elements that already have a standard search criteria defined, but with custom matching rules; e.g. a sounds-like search on Practitioner name
  3. Enabling search on a particular extension
  4. Enabling search that doesn't correspond to a single element but rather a combination of elements or computation on an element; e.g. searching for patients by age

Additional Search Parameters can be defined using the SearchParameter resource.

2.13.0.19 Supporting Multiple Profiles

Applications may be required to support more than one profile at a time. A typical example might be an EHR application that is required to support a general purpose data sharing profile (such as DAF), and also must support specific profiles for decision support using the same interface.

The impact of supporting two sets of profiles depends on whether resources are being created or consumed. When an application is creating content, it has to create content that conforms to both sets of profiles - that is, the intersection of the profiles. When an application is consuming information, then it must be able to consume content that conforms to either set of profiles - that is, the union of the profiles.

Since applications generally consume and produce resources at the same time, conforming to more than one profile may not be possible, unless the profiles are designed to make statements at different levels - and the case above is one such case, where one profile is focused on data access, provenance, and availability, the other profile is focused on clinical content.

Accordingly, profiles can relate to each other in four different ways. Each profile can be thought of in terms of the set of instances that conform to the profile:

  1. non-overlapping: there no instances that conform to profiles A & B (technically, the intersection of profiles A & B is an empty set)
  2. partly overlapping: some instances conform to both A & B, but others only conform to A or B
  3. one set contained in the other: all resources that conform to A conform to B, but only some of the ones that conform to B conform to A (or vice versa)
  4. identical sets: all resources that conform to A also conform to B and any resources that don't conform to B, don't conform to A

Profiles can be compared to determine their compatibility. One such comparison can be found between DAF and QICore. Note that this comparison is generated by tooling under ongoing development, and is purely draft content to demonstrate the idea of profile comparison.