The referenced Questionnaire SHALL be sent as a contained resource.

Sets expectations for supported capabilities for questionnaire responses for SDC-conformant systems.

The QuestionnaireResponse contains enough information about the questions asked and their organization that it can be interpreted somewhat independently from the Questionnaire it is based on. I.e. You don't need access to the Questionnaire in order to extract basic information from a QuestionnaireResponse.

A reference to a set of rules that were followed when the resource was constructed, and which must be understood when processing the content. Often, this is a reference to an implementation guide that defines the special rules along with other profiles etc.

Asserting this rule set restricts the content to be only understood by a limited set of trading partners. This inherently limits the usefulness of the data in the long term. However, the existing health eco-system is highly fractured, and not yet ready to define, collect, and exchange data in a generally computable sense. Wherever possible, implementers and/or specification writers should avoid using this element. Often, when used, the URL is a reference to an implementation guide that defines these special rules as part of it's narrative along with other profiles, value sets, etc.

These resources do not have an independent existence apart from the resource that contains them - they cannot be identified independently, and nor can they have their own independent transaction scope.

The referenced Questionnaire SHALL be sent as a contained resource.

The action represented by this resource has been determined to satisfy the expectations established by the referenced Definition resource.

If changes are made to this event record, the determination must be made whether, with the change, the action still complies with the referenced Definition. Revisions may result in adheresTo assertions being removed, or - if the system has an algorithm for determining which targets are appropriate - being added.

Also see the notes in the workflow extensions area for more guidance on this element.

An Extension

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

This resource came into being as a result of expectations set in the referenced Definition resource. I.e. This resource represents a 'step' dictated within the protocol/order set/etc.

See the notes in the workflow extensions area for more guidance on this element.

An Extension

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

Represents a wet or electronic signature for either the form overall or for the question or item it's associated with.

Indicates how the individual completing the QuestionnaireResponse provided their responses.

Optional Extension Element - found in all resources.

An Extension

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the resource and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

A business identifier assigned to a particular completed (or partially completed) questionnaire.

Used for tracking, registration and other business purposes.

The Questionnaire that defines and organizes the questions for which answers are being provided.

If a QuestionnaireResponse references a Questionnaire, then the QuestionnaireResponse structure must be consistent with the Questionnaire (i.e. questions must be organized into the same groups, nested questions must still be nested, etc.).

Needed to allow editing of the questionnaire response in a manner that enforces the constraints of the original form.

The position of the questionnaire response within its overall lifecycle.

This element is labeled as a modifier because the status contains codes that mark the resource as not currently valid.

Lifecycle status of the questionnaire response.

The information on Questionnaire resources may possibly be gathered during multiple sessions and altered after considered being finished.

The subject of the questionnaire response. This could be a patient, organization, practitioner, device, etc. This is who/what the answers apply to, but is not necessarily the source of information.

If the Questionnaire declared a subjectType, the resource pointed to by this element must be an instance of one of the listed types. If subject is omitted - because the QuestionnaireResponse is not associated with a specific subject, ensure that QuestionnaireRsponse.identifier is present or the QuestionnaireResponse is referenced somewhere (e.g. Task.output, Composition.section.entry, etc.) to allow tracking and retrieval of the QuestionnaireResponse

Allows linking the answers to the individual the answers describe. May also affect access control.

Identifies when this version of the answer set was created. Changes whenever the answers are updated.

May be different from the lastUpdateTime of the resource itself, because that reflects when the data was known to the server, not when the data was captured.

This element is optional to allow for systems that might not know the value, however it SHOULD be populated if possible.

Clinicians need to be able to check the date that the information in the questionnaire was collected, to derive the context of the answers.

Person who received the answers to the questions in the QuestionnaireResponse and recorded them in the system.

Mapping a subject's answers to multiple choice options and determining what to put in the textual answer is a matter of interpretation. Authoring by device would indicate that some portion of the questionnaire had been auto-populated.

Need to know who interpreted the subject's answers to the questions in the questionnaire, and selected the appropriate options for answers.

A group or question item from the original questionnaire for which answers are provided.

Groups cannot have answers and therefore must nest directly within item. When dealing with questions, nesting must occur within each answer because some questions may have multiple answers (and the nesting occurs for each answer).

Media to render/make available as an accompaniment to the question being asked

Represents a wet or electronic signature for either the form overall or for the question or item it's associated with.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

The item from the Questionnaire that corresponds to this item in the QuestionnaireResponse resource.

Items can repeat in the answers, so a direct 1..1 correspondence by position might not exist - requiring correspondence by identifier.

Text that is displayed above the contents of the group or as the text of the question being answered.

Allows the questionnaire response to be read without access to the questionnaire.

The respondent's answer(s) to the question.

The value is nested because we cannot have a repeating structure that has variable type.

Media to render/make available as an accompaniment to a specific answer option

​A numeric value that allows the comparison (less than, greater than) or other numerical manipulation of a concept (e.g. Adding up components of a score). Scores are usually a whole number, but occasionally decimals are encountered in scores. In the CodeSystem and ValueSet resources, the item weight is represented using the itemWeight property

Inclusion of weights in QRs can increase performance when calculating based on weights.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

The answer (or one of the answers) provided by the respondent to the question.

More complex structures (Attachment, Resource and Quantity) will typically be limited to electronic forms that can expose an appropriate user interface to capture the components and enforce the constraints of a complex data type. Additional complex types can be introduced through extensions. Must match the datatype specified by Questionnaire.item.type in the corresponding Questionnaire.

Code indicating the response provided for a question.

Ability to retain a single-valued answer to a question.

Nested groups and/or questions found within this particular answer.

It is useful to have "sub-questions", questions which normally appear when certain answers are given and which collect additional details.

Questions or sub-groups nested beneath a question or group.

Reports can consist of complex nested groups.

Sets expectations for supported capabilities for questionnaire responses for SDC-conformant systems.

The QuestionnaireResponse contains enough information about the questions asked and their organization that it can be interpreted somewhat independently from the Questionnaire it is based on. I.e. You don't need access to the Questionnaire in order to extract basic information from a QuestionnaireResponse.

The logical id of the resource, as used in the URL for the resource. Once assigned, this value never changes.

The only time that a resource does not have an id is when it is being submitted to the server using a create operation.

The metadata about the resource. This is content that is maintained by the infrastructure. Changes to the content might not always be associated with version changes to the resource.

A reference to a set of rules that were followed when the resource was constructed, and which must be understood when processing the content. Often, this is a reference to an implementation guide that defines the special rules along with other profiles etc.

Asserting this rule set restricts the content to be only understood by a limited set of trading partners. This inherently limits the usefulness of the data in the long term. However, the existing health eco-system is highly fractured, and not yet ready to define, collect, and exchange data in a generally computable sense. Wherever possible, implementers and/or specification writers should avoid using this element. Often, when used, the URL is a reference to an implementation guide that defines these special rules as part of it's narrative along with other profiles, value sets, etc.

The base language in which the resource is written.

Language is provided to support indexing and accessibility (typically, services such as text to speech use the language tag). The html language tag in the narrative applies to the narrative. The language tag on the resource may be used to specify the language of other presentations generated from the data in the resource. Not all the content has to be in the base language. The Resource.language should not be assumed to apply to the narrative automatically. If a language is specified, it should it also be specified on the div element in the html (see rules in HTML5 for information about the relationship between xml:lang and the html lang attribute).

A human language.

A human-readable narrative that contains a summary of the resource and can be used to represent the content of the resource to a human. The narrative need not encode all the structured data, but is required to contain sufficient detail to make it "clinically safe" for a human to just read the narrative. Resource definitions may define what content should be represented in the narrative to ensure clinical safety.

Contained resources do not have narrative. Resources that are not contained SHOULD have a narrative. In some cases, a resource may only have text with little or no additional discrete data (as long as all minOccurs=1 elements are satisfied). This may be necessary for data from legacy systems where information is captured as a "text blob" or where text is additionally entered raw or narrated and encoded information is added later.

These resources do not have an independent existence apart from the resource that contains them - they cannot be identified independently, and nor can they have their own independent transaction scope.

The referenced Questionnaire SHALL be sent as a contained resource.

An Extension

The action represented by this resource has been determined to satisfy the expectations established by the referenced Definition resource.

If changes are made to this event record, the determination must be made whether, with the change, the action still complies with the referenced Definition. Revisions may result in adheresTo assertions being removed, or - if the system has an algorithm for determining which targets are appropriate - being added.

Also see the notes in the workflow extensions area for more guidance on this element.

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

An Extension

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

This resource came into being as a result of expectations set in the referenced Definition resource. I.e. This resource represents a 'step' dictated within the protocol/order set/etc.

See the notes in the workflow extensions area for more guidance on this element.

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

An Extension

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

Represents a wet or electronic signature for either the form overall or for the question or item it's associated with.

Indicates how the individual completing the QuestionnaireResponse provided their responses.

Optional Extension Element - found in all resources.

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

An Extension

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the resource and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

A business identifier assigned to a particular completed (or partially completed) questionnaire.

Used for tracking, registration and other business purposes.

The order, proposal or plan that is fulfilled in whole or in part by this QuestionnaireResponse. For example, a ServiceRequest seeking an intake assessment or a decision support recommendation to assess for post-partum depression.

Supports traceability of responsibility for the action and allows linkage of an action to the recommendations acted upon.

A procedure or observation that this questionnaire was performed as part of the execution of. For example, the surgery a checklist was executed as part of.

Composition of questionnaire responses will be handled by the parent questionnaire having answers that reference the child questionnaire. For relationships to referrals, and other types of requests, use basedOn.

The Questionnaire that defines and organizes the questions for which answers are being provided.

If a QuestionnaireResponse references a Questionnaire, then the QuestionnaireResponse structure must be consistent with the Questionnaire (i.e. questions must be organized into the same groups, nested questions must still be nested, etc.).

Needed to allow editing of the questionnaire response in a manner that enforces the constraints of the original form.

The position of the questionnaire response within its overall lifecycle.

This element is labeled as a modifier because the status contains codes that mark the resource as not currently valid.

Lifecycle status of the questionnaire response.

The information on Questionnaire resources may possibly be gathered during multiple sessions and altered after considered being finished.

The subject of the questionnaire response. This could be a patient, organization, practitioner, device, etc. This is who/what the answers apply to, but is not necessarily the source of information.

If the Questionnaire declared a subjectType, the resource pointed to by this element must be an instance of one of the listed types. If subject is omitted - because the QuestionnaireResponse is not associated with a specific subject, ensure that QuestionnaireRsponse.identifier is present or the QuestionnaireResponse is referenced somewhere (e.g. Task.output, Composition.section.entry, etc.) to allow tracking and retrieval of the QuestionnaireResponse

Allows linking the answers to the individual the answers describe. May also affect access control.

The Encounter during which this questionnaire response was created or to which the creation of this record is tightly associated.

This will typically be the encounter the event occurred within, but some activities may be initiated prior to or after the official completion of an encounter but still be tied to the context of the encounter. A questionnaire that was initiated during an encounter but not fully completed during the encounter would still generally be associated with the encounter.

Provides context for the information that was captured. May also affect access control.

Identifies when this version of the answer set was created. Changes whenever the answers are updated.

May be different from the lastUpdateTime of the resource itself, because that reflects when the data was known to the server, not when the data was captured.

This element is optional to allow for systems that might not know the value, however it SHOULD be populated if possible.

Clinicians need to be able to check the date that the information in the questionnaire was collected, to derive the context of the answers.

Person who received the answers to the questions in the QuestionnaireResponse and recorded them in the system.

Mapping a subject's answers to multiple choice options and determining what to put in the textual answer is a matter of interpretation. Authoring by device would indicate that some portion of the questionnaire had been auto-populated.

Need to know who interpreted the subject's answers to the questions in the questionnaire, and selected the appropriate options for answers.

The person who answered the questions about the subject.

If not specified, no inference can be made about who provided the data.

When answering questions about a subject that is minor, incapable of answering or an animal, another human source may answer the questions.

A group or question item from the original questionnaire for which answers are provided.

Groups cannot have answers and therefore must nest directly within item. When dealing with questions, nesting must occur within each answer because some questions may have multiple answers (and the nesting occurs for each answer).

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

An Extension

Media to render/make available as an accompaniment to the question being asked

Represents a wet or electronic signature for either the form overall or for the question or item it's associated with.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

The item from the Questionnaire that corresponds to this item in the QuestionnaireResponse resource.

Items can repeat in the answers, so a direct 1..1 correspondence by position might not exist - requiring correspondence by identifier.

A reference to an ElementDefinition that provides the details for the item.

The ElementDefinition must be in a StructureDefinition, and must have a fragment identifier that identifies the specific data element by its id (Element.id). E.g. http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Observation#Observation.value[x].

There is no need for this element if the item pointed to by the linkId has a definition listed.

A common pattern is to define a set of data elements, and then build multiple different questionnaires for different circumstances to gather the data. This element provides traceability to the common definition.

Text that is displayed above the contents of the group or as the text of the question being answered.

Allows the questionnaire response to be read without access to the questionnaire.

The respondent's answer(s) to the question.

The value is nested because we cannot have a repeating structure that has variable type.

Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

An Extension

Media to render/make available as an accompaniment to a specific answer option

​A numeric value that allows the comparison (less than, greater than) or other numerical manipulation of a concept (e.g. Adding up components of a score). Scores are usually a whole number, but occasionally decimals are encountered in scores. In the CodeSystem and ValueSet resources, the item weight is represented using the itemWeight property

Inclusion of weights in QRs can increase performance when calculating based on weights.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

The answer (or one of the answers) provided by the respondent to the question.

More complex structures (Attachment, Resource and Quantity) will typically be limited to electronic forms that can expose an appropriate user interface to capture the components and enforce the constraints of a complex data type. Additional complex types can be introduced through extensions. Must match the datatype specified by Questionnaire.item.type in the corresponding Questionnaire.

Code indicating the response provided for a question.

Ability to retain a single-valued answer to a question.

Nested groups and/or questions found within this particular answer.

It is useful to have "sub-questions", questions which normally appear when certain answers are given and which collect additional details.

Questions or sub-groups nested beneath a question or group.

Reports can consist of complex nested groups.