Risk Of Bias Type Value Set - JSON Representation - Evidence Based Medicine on FHIR Implementation Guide v1.0.0-ballot

This page is part of the Evidence Based Medicine on FHIR Implementation Guide (v1.0.0-ballot: STU1 Ballot 1) based on FHIR (HL7® FHIR® Standard) v5.0.0. . For a full list of available versions, see the Directory of published versions
: Risk Of Bias Type Value Set - JSON Representation

Active as of 2023-12-17
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{
  "resourceType" : "ValueSet",
  "id" : "181524",
  "meta" : {
    "versionId" : "10",
    "lastUpdated" : "2023-12-08T16:42:10.435Z"
  },
  "text" : {
    "status" : "extensions",
    "div" : "<div xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\"><ul><li>Include these codes as defined in <a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html\"><code>https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513</code></a> version <code>1.0.0-ballot</code><table class=\"none\"><tr><td style=\"white-space:nowrap\"><b>Code</b></td><td><b>Display</b></td><td><b>Definition</b></td><td><b>Definition (core metadata concept)</b></td><td><b>Synonym (core metadata concept)</b></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800002\">SEVCO:00002</a></td><td>Selection Bias</td><td>A bias resulting from methods used to select subjects or data, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study sample and the population of interest</td><td>A bias resulting from methods used to select subjects or data, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study sample and the population of interest</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800016\">SEVCO:00016</a></td><td>Confounding Covariate Bias</td><td>A situation in which the effect or association between an exposure and outcome is distorted by another variable. For confounding covariate bias to occur the distorting variable must be (1) associated with the exposure and the outcome, (2) not in the causal pathway between exposure and outcome, and (3) unequally distributed between the groups being compared.</td><td>A situation in which the effect or association between an exposure and outcome is distorted by another variable. For confounding covariate bias to occur the distorting variable must be (1) associated with the exposure and the outcome, (2) not in the causal pathway between exposure and outcome, and (3) unequally distributed between the groups being compared.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800017\">SEVCO:00017</a></td><td>Performance Bias</td><td>A bias resulting from differences between the received exposure and the intended exposure.</td><td>A bias resulting from differences between the received exposure and the intended exposure.</td><td>Performance Adherence Bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800019\">SEVCO:00019</a></td><td>Attrition Bias</td><td>A bias due to absence of expected participation or data collection after selection for study inclusion.</td><td>A bias due to absence of expected participation or data collection after selection for study inclusion.</td><td>Missing data bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800020\">SEVCO:00020</a></td><td>Detection Bias</td><td>A bias due to distortions in any process involved in the determination of the recorded values for a variable.</td><td>A bias due to distortions in any process involved in the determination of the recorded values for a variable.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800021\">SEVCO:00021</a></td><td>Analysis Bias</td><td>A bias related to the analytic process applied to the data.</td><td>A bias related to the analytic process applied to the data.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800023\">SEVCO:00023</a></td><td>Reporting Bias</td><td>A bias due to distortions in the selection of or representation of information in study results or research findings.</td><td>A bias due to distortions in the selection of or representation of information in study results or research findings.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800026\">SEVCO:00026</a></td><td>Synthesis Bias</td><td>A bias in the conduct of a systematic review resulting from methods used to select, manipulate or interpret data for evidence synthesis.</td><td>A bias in the conduct of a systematic review resulting from methods used to select, manipulate or interpret data for evidence synthesis.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800028\">SEVCO:00028</a></td><td>Qualitative Research Bias</td><td>A bias specific to the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research.</td><td>A bias specific to the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800029\">SEVCO:00029</a></td><td>Mixed Methods Research Bias</td><td>A bias specific to the coordination of design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research and quantitative research.</td><td>A bias specific to the coordination of design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research and quantitative research.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800030\">SEVCO:00030</a></td><td>bias in validation assessment</td><td>A bias in the design, conduct or reporting of studies or analyses intended to evaluate the reliability and/or performance of a procedure for a specific predictive, classification, measurement, or communication purpose.</td><td>A bias in the design, conduct or reporting of studies or analyses intended to evaluate the reliability and/or performance of a procedure for a specific predictive, classification, measurement, or communication purpose.</td><td>validation bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800370\">SEVCO:00370</a></td><td>Early Study Termination Bias</td><td>A bias due to the decision to end the study earlier than planned.</td><td>A bias due to the decision to end the study earlier than planned.</td><td>Bias due to early study termination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800001\">SEVCO:00001</a></td><td>Bias</td><td>A systematic distortion in research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference). Distortions in research results means differences between the reported results (findings, conclusions, effect estimates) and the actuality (the truth, the estimand [the quantity targeted for estimation]).</td><td>A systematic distortion in research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference). Distortions in research results means differences between the reported results (findings, conclusions, effect estimates) and the actuality (the truth, the estimand [the quantity targeted for estimation])</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800003\">SEVCO:00003</a></td><td>Participant Selection Bias</td><td>A selection bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study participants and the population of interest</td><td>A selection bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study participants and the population of interest</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800004\">SEVCO:00004</a></td><td>Inappropriate selection criteria</td><td>A selection bias resulting from inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.</td><td>A selection bias resulting from inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.</td><td>Selection bias due to inappropriate selection criteria</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800005\">SEVCO:00005</a></td><td>Inappropriate sampling strategy</td><td>A selection bias resulting from the sampling frame, sampling procedure, or methods used to recruit participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.</td><td>A selection bias resulting from the sampling frame, sampling procedure, or methods used to recruit participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.</td><td>Selection bias due to inappropriate sampling strategy</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800014\">SEVCO:00014</a></td><td>Inappropriate data source for participant selection</td><td>Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame.</td><td>Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame.</td><td>Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800006\">SEVCO:00006</a></td><td>Non-representative sample</td><td>A selection bias due to differences between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference), limiting external validity or applicability.</td><td>A selection bias due to differences between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference), limiting external validity or applicability.</td><td>Nonrepresentative sample</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800008\">SEVCO:00008</a></td><td>Inadequate enrollment of eligible subjects</td><td>A selection bias in which insufficient enrollment of eligible subjects results in differences (recognized or unrecognized) between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results.</td><td>A selection bias in which insufficient enrollment of eligible subjects results in differences (recognized or unrecognized) between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results.</td><td>Non-representative sample due to inadequate enrollment</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800012\">SEVCO:00012</a></td><td>Non-representative sample due to timing or duration of exposure</td><td>A selection bias in which the timing or duration of exposure influences the outcome, and the timing or duration of exposure in the sample does not represent that of the population of interest. This selection bias may occur when the selection for study participation is not coincident with the initiation of the exposure or intervention under investigation.</td><td>A selection bias in which the timing or duration of exposure influences the outcome, and the timing or duration of exposure in the sample does not represent that of the population of interest. This selection bias may occur when the selection for study participation is not coincident with the initiation of the exposure or intervention under investigation.</td><td>Mismatch in start of intervention and start of follow-up</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800013\">SEVCO:00013</a></td><td>Depletion of susceptibles</td><td>A non-representative sample due to exclusion of susceptible participants who have already had an outcome due to prior exposure. For example, the inclusion of prevalent users of a medication misrepresents the initial adverse effects rate by excluding persons who do not tolerate the medication.</td><td>A non-representative sample due to exclusion of susceptible participants who have already had an outcome due to prior exposure. For example, the inclusion of prevalent users of a medication misrepresents the initial adverse effects rate by excluding persons who do not tolerate the medication.</td><td>Non-representative sample due to depletion of susceptibles</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800009\">SEVCO:00009</a></td><td>Post-baseline factors influence enrollment selection</td><td>A selection bias in which factors observed after study entry, baseline, or start of follow-up influence enrollment</td><td>A selection bias in which factors observed after study entry, baseline, or start of follow-up influence enrollment</td><td>Participant selection bias due to post-baseline factors</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800212\">SEVCO:00212</a></td><td>Participant selection bias due to early study termination</td><td>A selection bias due to premature closure of study enrollment.</td><td>A selection bias due to premature closure of study enrollment.</td><td>Early termination bias affecting enrollment</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800010\">SEVCO:00010</a></td><td>Factor associated with exposure influences enrollment selection</td><td>A selection bias in which a factor associated with the exposure under investigation influences study enrollment</td><td>A selection bias in which a factor associated with the exposure under investigation influences study enrollment</td><td>Participant selection bias due to factor associated wiith exposure</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800011\">SEVCO:00011</a></td><td>Factor associated with outcome influences enrollment selection</td><td>A selection bias in which a factor associated with the outcome under investigation influences study enrollment</td><td>A selection bias in which a factor associated with the outcome under investigation influences study enrollment</td><td>Participant selection bias due to factor associated wiith outcome</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800015\">SEVCO:00015</a></td><td>Study Selection Bias</td><td>A selection bias resulting from factors that influence study selection, from methods used to include or exclude studies for evidence synthesis, or from differences between the study sample and the population of interest</td><td>A selection bias resulting from factors that influence study selection, from methods used to include or exclude studies for evidence synthesis, or from differences between the study sample and the population of interest</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800262\">SEVCO:00262</a></td><td>Bias in Study Eligibility Criteria</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800273\">SEVCO:00273</a></td><td>Study eligibility criteria not prespecified</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800274\">SEVCO:00274</a></td><td>Study eligibility criteria not appropriate for review question</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800275\">SEVCO:00275</a></td><td>Study eligibility criteria ambiguous</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800276\">SEVCO:00276</a></td><td>Study eligibility criteria limits for study characteristics not appropriate</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800277\">SEVCO:00277</a></td><td>Study eligibility criteria limits for information sources not appropriate</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800263\">SEVCO:00263</a></td><td>Database search sources not appropriate</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800264\">SEVCO:00264</a></td><td>Non-database search sources inadequate</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800265\">SEVCO:00265</a></td><td>Search strategy not sensitive</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800266\">SEVCO:00266</a></td><td>Search strategy limits for information sources not appropriate</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800267\">SEVCO:00267</a></td><td>Study eligibility criteria not adhered to</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800268\">SEVCO:00268</a></td><td>Error in study selection not minimized</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800269\">SEVCO:00269</a></td><td>Language bias</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800270\">SEVCO:00270</a></td><td>Geography bias</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800271\">SEVCO:00271</a></td><td>One-sided reference bias</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800272\">SEVCO:00272</a></td><td>Publication Bias affecting study selection</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800032\">SEVCO:00032</a></td><td>Allocation Bias</td><td>A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods for assignment of the independent variable by the investigator to evaluate a response or outcome.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods for assignment of the independent variable by the investigator to evaluate a response or outcome.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800031\">SEVCO:00031</a></td><td>Inadequate allocation concealment</td><td>An allocation bias resulting from awareness of the assigned intervention before study enrolment and intervention assignment</td><td>An allocation bias resulting from awareness of the assigned intervention before study enrolment and intervention assignment</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800278\">SEVCO:00278</a></td><td>Bias due to non-randomized allocation</td><td>An allocation bias resulting from a process of assigning participants or subjects to different groups or conditions which is not random.</td><td>An allocation bias resulting from a process of assigning participants or subjects to different groups or conditions which is not random.</td><td>Bias due to non-random allocation</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800033\">SEVCO:00033</a></td><td>Comparator Selection Bias</td><td>A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, or factors that influence study participation, for the comparator group.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, or factors that influence study participation, for the comparator group.</td><td>Comparison Selection Bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800034\">SEVCO:00034</a></td><td>Confounding difference</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the unequal distribution of a potentially distorting variable is recognized.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the unequal distribution of a potentially distorting variable is recognized.</td><td>Recognized confounding difference</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800280\">SEVCO:00280</a></td><td>Confounding by time of observation</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the time at which the outcome is measured or observed.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the time at which the outcome is measured or observed.</td><td>Confounding by follow-up time</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800281\">SEVCO:00281</a></td><td>Lead time bias</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the length of time that the participant has had the condition of interest at study enrollment.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the length of time that the participant has had the condition of interest at study enrollment.</td><td>Starting time bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800282\">SEVCO:00282</a></td><td>Confounding influencing adherence to intervention</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is associated with deviations from the intended intervention.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is associated with deviations from the intended intervention.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800284\">SEVCO:00284</a></td><td>Confounding by indication</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for receiving an exposure.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for receiving an exposure.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800388\">SEVCO:00388</a></td><td>Confounding by contraindication</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for not receiving an exposure.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for not receiving an exposure.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800390\">SEVCO:00390</a></td><td>time-varying confounding affected by past exposure</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is itself influenced by the exposure.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is itself influenced by the exposure.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800035\">SEVCO:00035</a></td><td>Inadequate blinding of participants</td><td>A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by participants</td><td>A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by participants</td><td>Lack of blinding of participants</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800036\">SEVCO:00036</a></td><td>Inadequate blinding of intervention deliverers</td><td>A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by individuals providing or delivering the intervention</td><td>A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by individuals providing or delivering the intervention</td><td>Lack of blinding of intervention deliverers</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800037\">SEVCO:00037</a></td><td>Deviation from study intervention protocol</td><td>A performance bias in which the intervention received differs from the intervention specified in the study protocol</td><td>A performance bias in which the intervention received differs from the intervention specified in the study protocol</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800038\">SEVCO:00038</a></td><td>Deviation from standard of care</td><td>A performance bias in which the intervention or exposure received differs from the from the usual practice or expected care</td><td>A performance bias in which the intervention or exposure received differs from the from the usual practice or expected care</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800039\">SEVCO:00039</a></td><td>Nonadherence of implementation</td><td>A performance bias in which the intervention deliverers do not completely adhere to the expected intervention</td><td>A performance bias in which the intervention deliverers do not completely adhere to the expected intervention</td><td>Nonadherence of interventionalist</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800040\">SEVCO:00040</a></td><td>Nonadherence of participants</td><td>A performance bias in which the participants do not completely adhere to the expected intervention or exposure</td><td>A performance bias in which the participants do not completely adhere to the expected intervention or exposure</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800041\">SEVCO:00041</a></td><td>Imbalance in deviations from intended intervention</td><td>A performance bias in which the degree of performance bias is unequally distributed between groups being compared</td><td>A performance bias in which the degree of performance bias is unequally distributed between groups being compared</td><td>Asymmetry in adherence between groups</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800286\">SEVCO:00286</a></td><td>Attrition bias due to participant attrition</td><td>A bias due to absence of expected participation due to participant dropout, withdrawal or non-participation after selection for study inclusion.</td><td>A bias due to absence of expected participation due to participant dropout, withdrawal or non-participation after selection for study inclusion.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800287\">SEVCO:00287</a></td><td>Attrition bias due to missing data</td><td>A bias due to data loss or absence of data collection from participants after selection for study inclusion.</td><td>A bias due to data loss or absence of data collection from participants after selection for study inclusion.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800386\">SEVCO:00386</a></td><td>Attrition bias due to missing outcome data</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the dependent variable.</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the dependent variable.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800288\">SEVCO:00288</a></td><td>Attrition bias due to missing exposure data</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the independent variable(s) of primary interest, such as exposure or intervention.</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the independent variable(s) of primary interest, such as exposure or intervention.</td><td>Attrition bias due to missing intervention data</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800289\">SEVCO:00289</a></td><td>Attrition bias due to missing modifier data</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to a confounder or effect modifier</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to a confounder or effect modifier</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800387\">SEVCO:00387</a></td><td>Attrition bias due to missing data about attrition</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the extent of or reasons for missing data.</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the extent of or reasons for missing data.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800290\">SEVCO:00290</a></td><td>Imbalance in missing data</td><td>An attrition bias in which the degree of missing data is unequally distributed between groups being compared.</td><td>An attrition bias in which the degree of missing data is unequally distributed between groups being compared.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800291\">SEVCO:00291</a></td><td>Inadequate response rate</td><td>An attrition bias in which the reason for absence of data collection is a low response rate to data collection surveys.</td><td>An attrition bias in which the reason for absence of data collection is a low response rate to data collection surveys.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800042\">SEVCO:00042</a></td><td>Outcome Detection Bias</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how an outcome is determined.</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how an outcome is determined.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800047\">SEVCO:00047</a></td><td>Cognitive Interpretive Bias for outcome determination</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>Subjectivity bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800048\">SEVCO:00048</a></td><td>Bias due to lack of masking for outcome determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the exposure of interest.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the exposure of interest.</td><td>Awareness bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800049\">SEVCO:00049</a></td><td>Observer bias for outcome determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800052\">SEVCO:00052</a></td><td>Confirmation bias for outcome determination</td><td>An observer bias for outcome determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.</td><td>An observer bias for outcome determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.</td><td>Previous opinion bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800050\">SEVCO:00050</a></td><td>Recall bias for outcome determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800051\">SEVCO:00051</a></td><td>Apprehension bias for outcome determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.</td><td>Hawthorne effect for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800053\">SEVCO:00053</a></td><td>Hypothetical assessment bias for outcome determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response. The response may be a behavior or valuation.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response. The response may be a behavior or valuation.</td><td>Subjunctivity bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800054\">SEVCO:00054</a></td><td>Mimicry bias for outcome determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the outcome.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the outcome.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800057\">SEVCO:00057</a></td><td>Unacceptability bias for outcome determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an outcome.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an outcome.</td><td>Unacceptable disease bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800058\">SEVCO:00058</a></td><td>Outcome Ascertainment Bias</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.</td><td>Ascertainment Bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800097\">SEVCO:00097</a></td><td>Nonrepresentative observation period for outcome of interest</td><td>An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the period used for observation of the outcome and the period for the outcome of interest.</td><td>An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the period used for observation of the outcome and the period for the outcome of interest.</td><td>Misaligned follow up period for outcome of interest</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800098\">SEVCO:00098</a></td><td>Nonrepresentative context for outcome ascertainment</td><td>An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the outcome is observed and the intended context for the outcome of interest.</td><td>An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the outcome is observed and the intended context for the outcome of interest.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800099\">SEVCO:00099</a></td><td>Inconsistency in outcome ascertainment</td><td>An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.</td><td>An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.</td><td>Imbalance in outcome ascertainment</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800059\">SEVCO:00059</a></td><td>Outcome Measurement Bias</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are measured.</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are measured.</td><td>Measurement Bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800100\">SEVCO:00100</a></td><td>Inappropriate method for outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.</td><td>Inappropriate outcome measurement method</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800101\">SEVCO:00101</a></td><td>Insensitive measure bias for outcome determination</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the outcome when the outcome is present.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the outcome when the outcome is present.</td><td>Inadequate sensitivity for outcome measure</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800211\">SEVCO:00211</a></td><td>Nonspecific measure bias for outcome determination</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the outcome when the outcome is absent.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the outcome when the outcome is absent.</td><td>Inadequate specificity for outcome measure</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800103\">SEVCO:00103</a></td><td>Inappropriate application of method for outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800104\">SEVCO:00104</a></td><td>Inconsistency in outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800243\">SEVCO:00243</a></td><td>Inconsistency in instruments used for outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments used for measurement.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments used for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800244\">SEVCO:00244</a></td><td>Inconsistency in processes used for outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800240\">SEVCO:00240</a></td><td>Imbalance in outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800245\">SEVCO:00245</a></td><td>Imbalance in instruments used for outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800246\">SEVCO:00246</a></td><td>Imbalance in processes used for outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800060\">SEVCO:00060</a></td><td>Outcome Classification Bias</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are classified.</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are classified.</td><td>Outcome Misclassification Bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800061\">SEVCO:00061</a></td><td>Outcome Classification System Bias</td><td>An outcome classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for outcome classification.</td><td>An outcome classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for outcome classification.</td><td>Outcome definition bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800105\">SEVCO:00105</a></td><td>Nonrepresentative definition for outcome classification</td><td>An outcome classification system bias due to a mismatch between the outcome of interest and the definition or threshold used for outcome measurement.</td><td>An outcome classification system bias due to a mismatch between the outcome of interest and the definition or threshold used for outcome measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800108\">SEVCO:00108</a></td><td>Surrogate marker bias for outcome classification</td><td>An outcome classification system bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the outcome rather than direct observation of the outcome.</td><td>An outcome classification system bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the outcome rather than direct observation of the outcome.</td><td>Substitution bias for outcome classification</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800106\">SEVCO:00106</a></td><td>Post-hoc definition of outcome</td><td>An outcome classification system bias due to defining the outcome after interacting with the study data.</td><td>An outcome classification system bias due to defining the outcome after interacting with the study data.</td><td>No prespecified definition for outcome classification</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800062\">SEVCO:00062</a></td><td>Outcome Classification Process Bias</td><td>An outcome classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for outcome classification.</td><td>An outcome classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for outcome classification.</td><td>Classification Process Bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800063\">SEVCO:00063</a></td><td>Incorporation Bias for outcome determination</td><td>An outcome classification bias due to the inclusion of the exposure under investigation in the method or process used for outcome classification.</td><td>An outcome classification bias due to the inclusion of the exposure under investigation in the method or process used for outcome classification.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800043\">SEVCO:00043</a></td><td>Exposure Detection Bias</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how an exposure of interest is determined.</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how an exposure of interest is determined.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800055\">SEVCO:00055</a></td><td>Cognitive Interpretive Bias for exposure determination</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>Subjectivity bias for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800056\">SEVCO:00056</a></td><td>Bias due to lack of masking for exposure determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the outcome of interest or other relevant exposures.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the outcome of interest or other relevant exposures.</td><td>Awareness bias for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800238\">SEVCO:00238</a></td><td>Observer bias for exposure determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800239\">SEVCO:00239</a></td><td>Confirmation bias for exposure determination</td><td>An observer bias for exposure determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.</td><td>An observer bias for exposure determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.</td><td>Previous opinion bias for exposure  determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800214\">SEVCO:00214</a></td><td>Recall bias for exposure determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800215\">SEVCO:00215</a></td><td>Apprehension bias for exposure determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.</td><td>Hawthorne effect for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800216\">SEVCO:00216</a></td><td>Hypothetical assessment bias for exposure determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response.</td><td>Subjunctivity bias for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800217\">SEVCO:00217</a></td><td>Mimicry bias for exposure determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the exposure.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the exposure.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800218\">SEVCO:00218</a></td><td>Unacceptability bias for exposure determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an exposure.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an exposure.</td><td>Unacceptable disease bias for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800219\">SEVCO:00219</a></td><td>Exposure Ascertainment Bias</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.</td><td>Data collection bias for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800220\">SEVCO:00220</a></td><td>Nonrepresentative observation period for exposure of interest</td><td>An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the time period used for observation of the exposure and the intended time period for the exposure of interest.</td><td>An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the time period used for observation of the exposure and the intended time period for the exposure of interest.</td><td>Misaligned follow up period for exposure of interest</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800221\">SEVCO:00221</a></td><td>Nonrepresentative context for exposure ascertainment</td><td>An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the exposure is observed and the intended context for the exposure of interest.</td><td>An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the exposure is observed and the intended context for the exposure of interest.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800222\">SEVCO:00222</a></td><td>Inconsistency in exposure ascertainment</td><td>An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.</td><td>An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.</td><td>Imbalance in exposure ascertainment</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800223\">SEVCO:00223</a></td><td>Exposure Measurement Bias</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are measured.</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are measured.</td><td>Measurement Bias for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800224\">SEVCO:00224</a></td><td>Inappropriate method for exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.</td><td>Inappropriate exposure measurement method</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800225\">SEVCO:00225</a></td><td>Insensitive measure bias for exposure determination</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the exposure when the exposure is present.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the exposure when the exposure is present.</td><td>Inadequate sensitivity for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800226\">SEVCO:00226</a></td><td>Nonspecific measure bias for exposure determination</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the exposure when the exposure is absent.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the exposure when the exposure is absent.</td><td>Inadequate specificity for exposure measure</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800228\">SEVCO:00228</a></td><td>Inappropriate application of method for exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.</td><td>Inappropriate exposure measurement conduct</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800229\">SEVCO:00229</a></td><td>Inconsistency in exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed exposures are measured.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed exposures are measured.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800247\">SEVCO:00247</a></td><td>Inconsistency in instruments used for exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments for measurement.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800248\">SEVCO:00248</a></td><td>Inconsistency in processes used for exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800241\">SEVCO:00241</a></td><td>Imbalance in exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed exposures are measured.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed exposures are measured.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800249\">SEVCO:00249</a></td><td>Imbalance in instruments used for exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800250\">SEVCO:00250</a></td><td>Imbalance in processes used for exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800230\">SEVCO:00230</a></td><td>Exposure Classification Bias</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are classified.</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are classified.</td><td>Exposure Misclassification Bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800231\">SEVCO:00231</a></td><td>Exposure Definition Bias</td><td>An exposure classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for exposure classification.</td><td>An exposure classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for exposure classification.</td><td>Threshold Bias for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800232\">SEVCO:00232</a></td><td>Nonrepresentative definition for exposure classification</td><td>An exposure definition bias due to a mismatch between the exposure of interest and the definition or threshold used for exposure measurement.</td><td>An exposure definition bias due to a mismatch between the exposure of interest and the definition or threshold used for exposure measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800233\">SEVCO:00233</a></td><td>Surrogate marker bias for exposure classification</td><td>An exposure definition bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the exposure rather than direct observation of the exposure.</td><td>An exposure definition bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the exposure rather than direct observation of the exposure.</td><td>Proxy bias for exposure classification</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800234\">SEVCO:00234</a></td><td>Post-hoc definition of exposure</td><td>An exposure definition bias due to definition of the exposure after interacting with the study data.</td><td>An exposure definition bias due to definition of the exposure after interacting with the study data.</td><td>No prespecified definition for exposure classification</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800236\">SEVCO:00236</a></td><td>Classification process bias for exposure determination</td><td>An exposure classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for exposure classification.</td><td>An exposure classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for exposure classification.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800237\">SEVCO:00237</a></td><td>Incorporation Bias for exposure determination</td><td>An exposure classification bias due to the inclusion of the outcome or other relevant exposures under investigation in the method or process used for exposure classification.</td><td>An exposure classification bias due to the inclusion of the outcome or other relevant exposures under investigation in the method or process used for exposure classification.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800044\">SEVCO:00044</a></td><td>Confounder Detection Bias</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how the data for a potential confounder are determined.</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how the data for a potential confounder are determined.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800045\">SEVCO:00045</a></td><td>Detection Bias related to the reference standard</td><td>A detection bias due  to distortions in how the reference standard result is determined.</td><td>A detection bias due  to distortions in how the reference standard result is determined.</td><td>Bias for reference standard result determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800046\">SEVCO:00046</a></td><td>Detection Bias related to the index test</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how the index test result is determined.</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how the index test result is determined.</td><td>Bias for index test result determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800383\">SEVCO:00383</a></td><td>Data Entry Bias</td><td>A detection bias due to differences between measured values and recorded values.</td><td>A detection bias due to differences between measured values and recorded values.</td><td>Data Recording Bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800389\">SEVCO:00389</a></td><td>Inappropriate time interval between predictor assessment and outcome determination</td><td>A detection bias involving the time interval between the observation of the predictor and outcome, where the interval used by the study differs from the interval assumed by the predictive model.</td><td>A detection bias involving the time interval between the observation of the predictor and outcome, where the interval used by the study differs from the interval assumed by the predictive model.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800022\">SEVCO:00022</a></td><td>Bias related to selection of the analysis</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of analysis methods before the analysis is applied.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of analysis methods before the analysis is applied.</td><td>Analysis Selection Bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800376\">SEVCO:00376</a></td><td>Bias related to selection of the data for analysis</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of data included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of data included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800213\">SEVCO:00213</a></td><td>Bias due to post-baseline factors influencing selection of the data for analysis</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis based on participant characteristics observed after study enrollment.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis based on participant characteristics observed after study enrollment.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800312\">SEVCO:00312</a></td><td>Missing or inadequate intention-to-treat analysis</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the original assignment to comparison groups in an interventional study.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the original assignment to comparison groups in an interventional study.</td><td>Inadequate as-randomized analysis</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800313\">SEVCO:00313</a></td><td>Missing or inadequate per-protocol analysis</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the study protocol.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the study protocol.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800381\">SEVCO:00381</a></td><td>Missing or inadequate as-treated analysis</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the interventions actually received.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the interventions actually received.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800377\">SEVCO:00377</a></td><td>Bias related to selection of the variables for analysis</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of variables included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of variables included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800292\">SEVCO:00292</a></td><td>Bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for adjustment for confounding before the analysis is applied.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for adjustment for confounding before the analysis is applied.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800299\">SEVCO:00299</a></td><td>Bias controlling for time-varying confounding</td><td>A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding in which the confounding is time-dependent.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding in which the confounding is time-dependent.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800301\">SEVCO:00301</a></td><td>Inadequate adherence effect analysis</td><td>A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding by adherence.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding by adherence.</td><td>Bias controlling for confounding by adherence</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800302\">SEVCO:00302</a></td><td>Predictors included in outcome definition</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for estimation of association in which one variable is incorporated in the definition of the other variable.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for estimation of association in which one variable is incorporated in the definition of the other variable.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800319\">SEVCO:00319</a></td><td>Bias related to selection of predictors based on univariable analysis</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the predictor variables for estimation of association in which predictors are selected based on statistically significant univariable associations (without adjustment for other predictors).</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the predictor variables for estimation of association in which predictors are selected based on statistically significant univariable associations (without adjustment for other predictors).</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800378\">SEVCO:00378</a></td><td>Bias related to selection of the analytic framework</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the analytic framework before the analysis is applied.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the analytic framework before the analysis is applied.</td><td>Bias related to selection of the statistical framework</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800297\">SEVCO:00297</a></td><td>Inappropriate statistical model</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the analytic model does not match the dataset characteristics or does not match the intention of the analysis.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the analytic model does not match the dataset characteristics or does not match the intention of the analysis.</td><td>Inappropriate analytic model</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800375\">SEVCO:00375</a></td><td>Inappropriate modeling of censoring</td><td>An inappropriate statistical model due to inappropriate accounting for ranges of potential observation in which data observation is not possible.</td><td>An inappropriate statistical model due to inappropriate accounting for ranges of potential observation in which data observation is not possible.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800316\">SEVCO:00316</a></td><td>Bias due to selection of the statistical significance threshold</td><td>An analysis bias resulting from selection of an inappropriate threshold for statistical significance.</td><td>An analysis bias resulting from selection of an inappropriate threshold for statistical significance.</td><td>Bias related to selection of the threshold for statistical significance</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800317\">SEVCO:00317</a></td><td>Bias related to multiple comparison adjustment</td><td>An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which does not appropriately account for the effect of multiple comparisons on the statistical probability related to the result.</td><td>An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which does not appropriately account for the effect of multiple comparisons on the statistical probability related to the result.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800382\">SEVCO:00382</a></td><td>Mismatch of significance threshold and purpose</td><td>An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which is inappropriate due to a mismatch between (1) how the statistical probability related to the result is determined and (2) the purpose for categorizing the result as statistically significant.</td><td>An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which is inappropriate due to a mismatch between (1) how the statistical probability related to the result is determined and (2) the purpose for categorizing the result as statistically significant.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800304\">SEVCO:00304</a></td><td>Immortal time bias</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which an outcome variable includes an observation period during which the outcome could not have occurred.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which an outcome variable includes an observation period during which the outcome could not have occurred.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800293\">SEVCO:00293</a></td><td>Inadequate sample size</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the sample size invalidates the assumptions of the analytic framework.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the sample size invalidates the assumptions of the analytic framework.</td><td>Inadequate numbers for analysis</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800294\">SEVCO:00294</a></td><td>Bias related to execution of the analysis</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate decisions pertaining to preparation of data for analysis and/or conduct of the analysis.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate decisions pertaining to preparation of data for analysis and/or conduct of the analysis.</td><td>Bias in processing of data</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800305\">SEVCO:00305</a></td><td>Incomplete analysis</td><td>An analysis bias due to absence of a component of the analytic process.</td><td>An analysis bias due to absence of a component of the analytic process.</td><td>Incomplete analysis process</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800306\">SEVCO:00306</a></td><td>Inappropriate handling of uninterpretable data</td><td>An analysis bias due to omission of uninterpretable values, or their replacement with inappropriate values.</td><td>An analysis bias due to omission of uninterpretable values, or their replacement with inappropriate values.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800307\">SEVCO:00307</a></td><td>Inappropriate handling of missing data</td><td>An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data.</td><td>An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800308\">SEVCO:00308</a></td><td>Inappropriate handling of variables</td><td>An analysis bias due to processing a variable in an incorrect role or with an incorrect datatype.</td><td>An analysis bias due to processing a variable in an incorrect role or with an incorrect datatype.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800300\">SEVCO:00300</a></td><td>Bias in adjustment for selection bias</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate application of adjustment techniques for correction of bias in the selection of participants for analysis.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate application of adjustment techniques for correction of bias in the selection of participants for analysis.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800309\">SEVCO:00309</a></td><td>Data Transition Bias</td><td>An analysis bias due to differences between recorded data and data used for analysis.</td><td>An analysis bias due to differences between recorded data and data used for analysis.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800311\">SEVCO:00311</a></td><td>Inappropriate handling of missing confounder data</td><td>An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data for variables in the role of confounder.</td><td>An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data for variables in the role of confounder.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800298\">SEVCO:00298</a></td><td>Computational Implementation Bias</td><td>An analysis bias due to miscalculations in the processing of the data.</td><td>An analysis bias due to miscalculations in the processing of the data.</td><td>Programming Error</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800324\">SEVCO:00324</a></td><td>Reported analysis not following pre-specified analysis plan</td><td>An analysis bias in which the reported analysis does not match the pre-specified analysis plan.</td><td>An analysis bias in which the reported analysis does not match the pre-specified analysis plan.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800303\">SEVCO:00303</a></td><td>Collider bias</td><td>An analysis bias in which an estimation of association between two variables is distorted by controlling for a third variable affected by both variables of interest (or factors causing the variables of interest).</td><td>An analysis bias in which an estimation of association between two variables is distorted by controlling for a third variable affected by both variables of interest (or factors causing the variables of interest).</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800314\">SEVCO:00314</a></td><td>Preliminary analysis bias</td><td>An analysis bias related to analysis of data before the complete dataset is available.</td><td>An analysis bias related to analysis of data before the complete dataset is available.</td><td>Interim analysis bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800295\">SEVCO:00295</a></td><td>Data-dredging bias</td><td>An analysis bias involving use of data analyses that are not pre-specified and fully disclosed, to select analyses with desirable results.</td><td>An analysis bias involving use of data analyses that are not pre-specified and fully disclosed, to select analyses with desirable results.</td><td>Fishing expedition bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800322\">SEVCO:00322</a></td><td>final model not corresponding to multivariable analysis</td><td>An analysis bias in which the predictors and coefficients in the final model do not match the predictors and coefficients reported in the multivariable analysis.</td><td>An analysis bias in which the predictors and coefficients in the final model do not match the predictors and coefficients reported in the multivariable analysis.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800310\">SEVCO:00310</a></td><td>Cognitive Interpretive Bias affecting analysis</td><td>A bias related to the analytic process due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>A bias related to the analytic process due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800379\">SEVCO:00379</a></td><td>Cognitive Interpretive Bias affecting analysis selection</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analysis due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analysis due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800315\">SEVCO:00315</a></td><td>Availability bias affecting analysis selection</td><td>A Cognitive Interpretive Bias due to the use of information which is most readily available, rather than information which is most representative, affecting analysis selection.</td><td>A Cognitive Interpretive Bias due to the use of information which is most readily available, rather than information which is most representative, affecting analysis selection.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800380\">SEVCO:00380</a></td><td>Cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis</td><td>A bias in processing of data due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>A bias in processing of data due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800296\">SEVCO:00296</a></td><td>Lack of blinding of data analysts</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis due to the analyst's awareness of the participants' status with respect to the variables defining the comparison groups.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis due to the analyst's awareness of the participants' status with respect to the variables defining the comparison groups.</td><td>Lack of masking of data analysts</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800392\">SEVCO:00392</a></td><td>Inappropriate weighting bias</td><td>An analysis bias in which the weights used in model construction do not align with the target of estimation or estimand.</td><td>An analysis bias in which the weights used in model construction do not align with the target of estimation or estimand.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800320\">SEVCO:00320</a></td><td>Inappropriate evaluation of predictive model performance measures</td><td>An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of a performance measure (such as calibration or discrimination) is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.</td><td>An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of a performance measure (such as calibration or discrimination) is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800393\">SEVCO:00393</a></td><td>Inappropriate evaluation of calibration of predictive model</td><td>An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of calibration is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.</td><td>An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of calibration is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800394\">SEVCO:00394</a></td><td>Inappropriate evaluation of discrimination of predictive model</td><td>An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of discrimination is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.</td><td>An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of discrimination is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800321\">SEVCO:00321</a></td><td>model overfitting</td><td>An analysis bias, specific to predictive model development studies, in which strategies to mitigate overfitting are not adequately applied.</td><td>An analysis bias, specific to predictive model development studies, in which strategies to mitigate overfitting are not adequately applied.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800024\">SEVCO:00024</a></td><td>Selective Reporting Bias</td><td>A reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of the results or research findings that are reported.</td><td>A reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of the results or research findings that are reported.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800330\">SEVCO:00330</a></td><td>Selective Outcome Reporting</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcomes are reported within results or research findings.</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcomes are reported within results or research findings.</td><td>Outcome reporting bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800336\">SEVCO:00336</a></td><td>Selective outcome measure reporting</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcome measures are reported for an outcome.</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcome measures are reported for an outcome.</td><td>Selective outcome measure reporting within outcome domain</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800331\">SEVCO:00331</a></td><td>Selective subgroup reporting</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of subsets of groups of participants for which results or research findings are reported.</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of subsets of groups of participants for which results or research findings are reported.</td><td>Selective subgroup analysis reporting</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800331a\">SEVCO:00331a</a></td><td>Selective comparison reporting</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of comparison groups for which results or research findings are reported.</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of comparison groups for which results or research findings are reported.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800333\">SEVCO:00333</a></td><td>Selective analysis reporting from repeated analyses at multiple times</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed at multiple points in time in a longitudinal study.</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed at multiple points in time in a longitudinal study.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800334\">SEVCO:00334</a></td><td>Selective analysis reporting from multiple analytic models</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed in multiple ways.</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed in multiple ways.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800335\">SEVCO:00335</a></td><td>Selective threshold reporting bias</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which thresholds (used for definitions of the variables) are reported.</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which thresholds (used for definitions of the variables) are reported.</td><td>Selective cutoff reporting bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800025\">SEVCO:00025</a></td><td>Cognitive interpretive bias in reporting</td><td>A distortion in the representation of study results or research findings due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>A distortion in the representation of study results or research findings due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>Cognitive interpretive reporting bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800338\">SEVCO:00338</a></td><td>Interpretation of results not addressing potential for bias</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby the reported interpretation of results does not adequately address potential for bias.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby the reported interpretation of results does not adequately address potential for bias.</td><td>Interpretation of results not addressing risk of bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800328\">SEVCO:00328</a></td><td>Results emphasized based on statistical significance</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby results with statistical significance are given exaggerated attention.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby results with statistical significance are given exaggerated attention.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800340\">SEVCO:00340</a></td><td>Confirmation bias in reporting</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to the influence of an individual’s ideas, beliefs or hypotheses.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to the influence of an individual’s ideas, beliefs or hypotheses.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800329\">SEVCO:00329</a></td><td>External validity bias</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to a mismatch between what the observed data represent and the results that were reported.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to a mismatch between what the observed data represent and the results that were reported.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800327\">SEVCO:00327</a></td><td>Early dissemination bias</td><td>A reporting bias due to publication or reporting of results or research findings that change in subsequent reports.</td><td>A reporting bias due to publication or reporting of results or research findings that change in subsequent reports.</td><td>Premature dissemination bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800384\">SEVCO:00384</a></td><td>Fabrication Bias</td><td>A reporting bias resulting from intentional misrepresentation of any part of the study.</td><td>A reporting bias resulting from intentional misrepresentation of any part of the study.</td><td>Fraud</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800325\">SEVCO:00325</a></td><td>Inadequate reporting of methods</td><td>A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of methods to determine the validity of the results.</td><td>A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of methods to determine the validity of the results.</td><td>Inadequate methods reporting bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800326\">SEVCO:00326</a></td><td>Inadequate explanation of participant withdrawals</td><td>A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of reasons for withdrawals of participants after study enrollment.</td><td>A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of reasons for withdrawals of participants after study enrollment.</td><td>Inadequate explanation of participant attrition</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800345\">SEVCO:00345</a></td><td>Synthesis missing eligible studies</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800346\">SEVCO:00346</a></td><td>Study parameters not appropriate for synthesis</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800347\">SEVCO:00347</a></td><td>Heterogeneity not addressed</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800348\">SEVCO:00348</a></td><td>Inconsistency within sensitivity analyses</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800349\">SEVCO:00349</a></td><td>Biases in studies influence synthesis</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800350\">SEVCO:00350</a></td><td>Synthesis Information Bias</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800351\">SEVCO:00351</a></td><td>Insufficient study characteristics available for proper results interpretation</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800352\">SEVCO:00352</a></td><td>Incomplete collection of relevant study results for synthesis</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800353\">SEVCO:00353</a></td><td>Methodologic quality assessment inadequate</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800354\">SEVCO:00354</a></td><td>Error in risk of bias assessment not minimized</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800369\">SEVCO:00369</a></td><td>Error in data collection not minimized</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800356\">SEVCO:00356</a></td><td>Inappropriate qualitative approach</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800357\">SEVCO:00357</a></td><td>Inadequate qualitative data collection methods</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800358\">SEVCO:00358</a></td><td>Inappropriate qualitative analysis</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800359\">SEVCO:00359</a></td><td>Unsubstantiated interpretation of results</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800360\">SEVCO:00360</a></td><td>Incoherence between data, analysis, and interpretation</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800361\">SEVCO:00361</a></td><td>Inadequate rationale for mixed methods design</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800362\">SEVCO:00362</a></td><td>Ineffective integration of study components</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800363\">SEVCO:00363</a></td><td>Inappropriate interpretation of integration of qualitative and quantitative findings</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800364\">SEVCO:00364</a></td><td>Inadequate handling of inconsistency</td><td/><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800368\">SEVCO:00368</a></td><td>bias in external validation assessment</td><td>A bias in validation assessment using a sample source that differs from those used in the derivation of the procedure.</td><td>A bias in validation assessment using a sample source that differs from those used in the derivation of the procedure.</td><td>inadequate external validation assessment</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800367\">SEVCO:00367</a></td><td>bias in internal validation assessment</td><td>A bias in validation assessment specific to a validation assessment that uses the same sample source that was used in the derivation of the procedure.</td><td>A bias in validation assessment specific to a validation assessment that uses the same sample source that was used in the derivation of the procedure.</td><td>inadequate internal validation assessment</td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800371\">SEVCO:00371</a></td><td>Early study termination bias due to competing interests</td><td>An early study termination bias due to the decision to end the study being influenced by financial, commercial, legal, political, social, professional, or intellectual  interests.</td><td>An early study termination bias due to the decision to end the study being influenced by financial, commercial, legal, political, social, professional, or intellectual  interests.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800372\">SEVCO:00372</a></td><td>Early study termination bias due to unplanned use of interim analysis</td><td>An early study termination bias due to awareness of study results without following a preplanned protocol for how interim results will influence the decision to terminate the study.</td><td>An early study termination bias due to awareness of study results without following a preplanned protocol for how interim results will influence the decision to terminate the study.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800373\">SEVCO:00373</a></td><td>Early study termination bias due to inappropriate statistical stopping rule</td><td>An early study termination bias due to use of an inappropriate model or threshold in the analysis used for determination to end the study.</td><td>An early study termination bias due to use of an inappropriate model or threshold in the analysis used for determination to end the study.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800374\">SEVCO:00374</a></td><td>Early study termination bias due to external factors</td><td>An early study termination bias due to a decision to end the study based on factors other than the results of interim analysis.</td><td>An early study termination bias due to a decision to end the study based on factors other than the results of interim analysis.</td><td></td></tr></table></li></ul></div>"
  },
  "extension" : [
    {
      "url" : "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/structuredefinition-wg",
      "valueCode" : "cds"
    }
  ],
  "url" : "https://fevir.net/resources/ValueSet/181524",
  "identifier" : [
    {
      "type" : {
        "coding" : [
          {
            "system" : "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/v2-0203",
            "code" : "ACSN",
            "display" : "Accession ID"
          }
        ],
        "text" : "FEvIR Object Identifier"
      },
      "system" : "https://fevir.net",
      "value" : "181524",
      "assigner" : {
        "display" : "Computable Publishing LLC"
      }
    }
  ],
  "version" : "1.0.0-ballot",
  "name" : "Risk_of_bias_type",
  "title" : "Risk Of Bias Type Value Set",
  "status" : "active",
  "experimental" : true,
  "date" : "2023-12-17T16:55:23+00:00",
  "publisher" : "HL7 International / Clinical Decision Support",
  "contact" : [
    {
      "name" : "HL7 International / Clinical Decision Support",
      "telecom" : [
        {
          "system" : "url",
          "value" : "http://www.hl7.org/Special/committees/dss"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "description" : "Types of bias for use with risk of bias assessment. This is a snapshot version from a code system in development (original source at https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/27270) and is provided for example support in the EBMonFHIR Implementation Guide.",
  "jurisdiction" : [
    {
      "coding" : [
        {
          "system" : "http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm",
          "code" : "001",
          "display" : "World"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "copyright" : "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/",
  "author" : [
    {
      "name" : "Brian S. Alper"
    }
  ],
  "relatedArtifact" : [
    {
      "type" : "cite-as",
      "citation" : "Risk Of Bias Type Value Set [ValueSet]. Contributors: Brian S. Alper [Authors/Creators]. In: Fast Evidence Interoperability Resources (FEvIR) Platform, FOI 181524. Revised 2023-12-08. Available at: https://fevir.net/resources/ValueSet/181524. Computable resource at: https://fevir.net/resources/ValueSet/181524."
    }
  ],
  "compose" : {
    "include" : [
      {
        "system" : "https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513",
        "version" : "1.0.0-ballot",
        "concept" : [
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00002",
            "display" : "Selection Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias resulting from methods used to select subjects or data, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study sample and the population of interest"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00016",
            "display" : "Confounding Covariate Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A situation in which the effect or association between an exposure and outcome is distorted by another variable. For confounding covariate bias to occur the distorting variable must be (1) associated with the exposure and the outcome, (2) not in the causal pathway between exposure and outcome, and (3) unequally distributed between the groups being compared."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00017",
            "display" : "Performance Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias resulting from differences between the received exposure and the intended exposure."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Study Exposure Adherence Bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Intervention Adherence Bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Compliance Bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Performance Adherence Bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00019",
            "display" : "Attrition Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias due to absence of expected participation or data collection after selection for study inclusion."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Missing data bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00020",
            "display" : "Detection Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias due to distortions in any process involved in the determination of the recorded values for a variable."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00021",
            "display" : "Analysis Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias related to the analytic process applied to the data."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00023",
            "display" : "Reporting Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias due to distortions in the selection of or representation of information in study results or research findings."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00026",
            "display" : "Synthesis Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias in the conduct of a systematic review resulting from methods used to select, manipulate or interpret data for evidence synthesis."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00028",
            "display" : "Qualitative Research Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias specific to the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00029",
            "display" : "Mixed Methods Research Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias specific to the coordination of design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research and quantitative research."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00030",
            "display" : "bias in validation assessment",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias in the design, conduct or reporting of studies or analyses intended to evaluate the reliability and/or performance of a procedure for a specific predictive, classification, measurement, or communication purpose."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "validation bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00370",
            "display" : "Early Study Termination Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias due to the decision to end the study earlier than planned."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Bias due to early study termination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00001",
            "display" : "Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A systematic distortion in research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference). Distortions in research results means differences between the reported results (findings, conclusions, effect estimates) and the actuality (the truth, the estimand [the quantity targeted for estimation])"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00003",
            "display" : "Participant Selection Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selection bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study participants and the population of interest"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00004",
            "display" : "Inappropriate selection criteria",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selection bias resulting from inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Selection bias due to inappropriate selection criteria"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00005",
            "display" : "Inappropriate sampling strategy",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selection bias resulting from the sampling frame, sampling procedure, or methods used to recruit participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Biased sampling strategy"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inappropriate sample frame"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inappropriate sampling frame"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inappropriate sampling procedure"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Selection bias due to inappropriate sampling strategy"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00014",
            "display" : "Inappropriate data source for participant selection",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00006",
            "display" : "Non-representative sample",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selection bias due to differences between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference), limiting external validity or applicability."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Selection bias due to non-representative sample"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Unrepresentative sample"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Nonrepresentative sample"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00008",
            "display" : "Inadequate enrollment of eligible subjects",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selection bias in which insufficient enrollment of eligible subjects results in differences (recognized or unrecognized) between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Selection bias due to inadequate enrollment"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Non-representative sample due to inadequate enrollment"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00012",
            "display" : "Non-representative sample due to timing or duration of exposure",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selection bias in which the timing or duration of exposure influences the outcome, and the timing or duration of exposure in the sample does not represent that of the population of interest. This selection bias may occur when the selection for study participation is not coincident with the initiation of the exposure or intervention under investigation."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Mismatch in start of intervention and start of follow-up"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00013",
            "display" : "Depletion of susceptibles",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A non-representative sample due to exclusion of susceptible participants who have already had an outcome due to prior exposure. For example, the inclusion of prevalent users of a medication misrepresents the initial adverse effects rate by excluding persons who do not tolerate the medication."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Prevalent user bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Non-representative sample due to depletion of susceptibles"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00009",
            "display" : "Post-baseline factors influence enrollment selection",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selection bias in which factors observed after study entry, baseline, or start of follow-up influence enrollment"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Participant selection bias due to post-baseline factors"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00212",
            "display" : "Participant selection bias due to early study termination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selection bias due to premature closure of study enrollment."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Early termination bias affecting enrollment"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00010",
            "display" : "Factor associated with exposure influences enrollment selection",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selection bias in which a factor associated with the exposure under investigation influences study enrollment"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Participant selection bias due to factor associated wiith exposure"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00011",
            "display" : "Factor associated with outcome influences enrollment selection",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selection bias in which a factor associated with the outcome under investigation influences study enrollment"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Participant selection bias due to factor associated wiith outcome"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00015",
            "display" : "Study Selection Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selection bias resulting from factors that influence study selection, from methods used to include or exclude studies for evidence synthesis, or from differences between the study sample and the population of interest"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00262",
            "display" : "Bias in Study Eligibility Criteria"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00273",
            "display" : "Study eligibility criteria not prespecified"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00274",
            "display" : "Study eligibility criteria not appropriate for review question"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00275",
            "display" : "Study eligibility criteria ambiguous"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00276",
            "display" : "Study eligibility criteria limits for study characteristics not appropriate"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00277",
            "display" : "Study eligibility criteria limits for information sources not appropriate"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00263",
            "display" : "Database search sources not appropriate"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00264",
            "display" : "Non-database search sources inadequate"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00265",
            "display" : "Search strategy not sensitive"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00266",
            "display" : "Search strategy limits for information sources not appropriate"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00267",
            "display" : "Study eligibility criteria not adhered to"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00268",
            "display" : "Error in study selection not minimized"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00269",
            "display" : "Language bias"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00270",
            "display" : "Geography bias"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00271",
            "display" : "One-sided reference bias"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00272",
            "display" : "Publication Bias affecting study selection"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00032",
            "display" : "Allocation Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods for assignment of the independent variable by the investigator to evaluate a response or outcome."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00031",
            "display" : "Inadequate allocation concealment",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An allocation bias resulting from awareness of the assigned intervention before study enrolment and intervention assignment"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00278",
            "display" : "Bias due to non-randomized allocation",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An allocation bias resulting from a process of assigning participants or subjects to different groups or conditions which is not random."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Nonrandom allocation bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Non-random allocation bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Bias due to non-random allocation"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00033",
            "display" : "Comparator Selection Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, or factors that influence study participation, for the comparator group."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Comparison Group Selection Bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Comparator Group Selection Bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Comparison Selection Bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00034",
            "display" : "Confounding difference",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A confounding covariate bias in which the unequal distribution of a potentially distorting variable is recognized."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Recognized Difference with Potential for Confounding"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Recognized confounding difference"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00280",
            "display" : "Confounding by time of observation",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the time at which the outcome is measured or observed."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Confounding by follow-up time"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00281",
            "display" : "Lead time bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the length of time that the participant has had the condition of interest at study enrollment."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Starting time bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00282",
            "display" : "Confounding influencing adherence to intervention",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is associated with deviations from the intended intervention."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00284",
            "display" : "Confounding by indication",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for receiving an exposure."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00388",
            "display" : "Confounding by contraindication",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for not receiving an exposure."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00390",
            "display" : "time-varying confounding affected by past exposure",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is itself influenced by the exposure."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00035",
            "display" : "Inadequate blinding of participants",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by participants"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inadequate masking of participants"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Lack of blinding of participants"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00036",
            "display" : "Inadequate blinding of intervention deliverers",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by individuals providing or delivering the intervention"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inadequate masking of intervention deliverers"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Lack of blinding of intervention deliverers"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00037",
            "display" : "Deviation from study intervention protocol",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A performance bias in which the intervention received differs from the intervention specified in the study protocol"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00038",
            "display" : "Deviation from standard of care",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A performance bias in which the intervention or exposure received differs from the from the usual practice or expected care"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00039",
            "display" : "Nonadherence of implementation",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A performance bias in which the intervention deliverers do not completely adhere to the expected intervention"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Nonadherence of interventionalist"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00040",
            "display" : "Nonadherence of participants",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A performance bias in which the participants do not completely adhere to the expected intervention or exposure"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00041",
            "display" : "Imbalance in deviations from intended intervention",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A performance bias in which the degree of performance bias is unequally distributed between groups being compared"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Asymmetry in adherence between groups"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00286",
            "display" : "Attrition bias due to participant attrition",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias due to absence of expected participation due to participant dropout, withdrawal or non-participation after selection for study inclusion."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00287",
            "display" : "Attrition bias due to missing data",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias due to data loss or absence of data collection from participants after selection for study inclusion."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00386",
            "display" : "Attrition bias due to missing outcome data",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the dependent variable."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00288",
            "display" : "Attrition bias due to missing exposure data",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the independent variable(s) of primary interest, such as exposure or intervention."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Attrition bias due to missing intervention data"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00289",
            "display" : "Attrition bias due to missing modifier data",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An attrition bias due to missing data specific to a confounder or effect modifier"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00387",
            "display" : "Attrition bias due to missing data about attrition",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the extent of or reasons for missing data."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00290",
            "display" : "Imbalance in missing data",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An attrition bias in which the degree of missing data is unequally distributed between groups being compared."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00291",
            "display" : "Inadequate response rate",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An attrition bias in which the reason for absence of data collection is a low response rate to data collection surveys."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00042",
            "display" : "Outcome Detection Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A detection bias due to distortions in how an outcome is determined."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00047",
            "display" : "Cognitive Interpretive Bias for outcome determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Perception bias for outcome determination"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Subjective interpretive bias for outcome determination"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Subjectivity bias for outcome determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00048",
            "display" : "Bias due to lack of masking for outcome determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the exposure of interest."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Bias due to lack of blinding during outcome assessment"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Bias due to lack of masking during outcome assessment"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Awareness bias for outcome determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00049",
            "display" : "Observer bias for outcome determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00052",
            "display" : "Confirmation bias for outcome determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An observer bias for outcome determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Diagnostic suspicion bias for outcome determination"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Previous opinion bias for outcome determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00050",
            "display" : "Recall bias for outcome determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00051",
            "display" : "Apprehension bias for outcome determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Hawthorne effect for outcome determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00053",
            "display" : "Hypothetical assessment bias for outcome determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response. The response may be a behavior or valuation."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Subjunctivity bias for outcome determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00054",
            "display" : "Mimicry bias for outcome determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the outcome."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00057",
            "display" : "Unacceptability bias for outcome determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an outcome."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Unacceptable disease bias for outcome determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00058",
            "display" : "Outcome Ascertainment Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Ascertainment Bias for outcome determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00097",
            "display" : "Nonrepresentative observation period for outcome of interest",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the period used for observation of the outcome and the period for the outcome of interest."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Misaligned follow up period for outcome of interest"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00098",
            "display" : "Nonrepresentative context for outcome ascertainment",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the outcome is observed and the intended context for the outcome of interest."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00099",
            "display" : "Inconsistency in outcome ascertainment",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Imbalance in outcome ascertainment"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00059",
            "display" : "Outcome Measurement Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are measured."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Measurement Bias for outcome determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00100",
            "display" : "Inappropriate method for outcome measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Incorrect outcome measurement method"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inappropriate outcome measurement method"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00101",
            "display" : "Insensitive measure bias for outcome determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the outcome when the outcome is present."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inadequate sensitivity for outcome measure"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00211",
            "display" : "Nonspecific measure bias for outcome determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the outcome when the outcome is absent."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inadequate specificity for outcome measure"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00103",
            "display" : "Inappropriate application of method for outcome measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00104",
            "display" : "Inconsistency in outcome measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed outcomes are measured."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00243",
            "display" : "Inconsistency in instruments used for outcome measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments used for measurement."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00244",
            "display" : "Inconsistency in processes used for outcome measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00240",
            "display" : "Imbalance in outcome measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed outcomes are measured."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00245",
            "display" : "Imbalance in instruments used for outcome measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00246",
            "display" : "Imbalance in processes used for outcome measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00060",
            "display" : "Outcome Classification Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are classified."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Misclassification Bias for outcome determination"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Outcome Misclassification Bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00061",
            "display" : "Outcome Classification System Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for outcome classification."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Definition Bias for outcome determination"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Outcome definition bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00105",
            "display" : "Nonrepresentative definition for outcome classification",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome classification system bias due to a mismatch between the outcome of interest and the definition or threshold used for outcome measurement."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00108",
            "display" : "Surrogate marker bias for outcome classification",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome classification system bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the outcome rather than direct observation of the outcome."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Substitution bias for outcome classification"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00106",
            "display" : "Post-hoc definition of outcome",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome classification system bias due to defining the outcome after interacting with the study data."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Post-hoc outcome definition"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Definition for outcome classification not prespecified"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "No prespecified definition for outcome classification"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00062",
            "display" : "Outcome Classification Process Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for outcome classification."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Classification Process Bias for outcome determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00063",
            "display" : "Incorporation Bias for outcome determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An outcome classification bias due to the inclusion of the exposure under investigation in the method or process used for outcome classification."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00043",
            "display" : "Exposure Detection Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A detection bias due to distortions in how an exposure of interest is determined."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00055",
            "display" : "Cognitive Interpretive Bias for exposure determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Perception bias for exposure determination"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Subjective interpretive bias for exposure  determination"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Subjectivity bias for exposure determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00056",
            "display" : "Bias due to lack of masking for exposure determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the outcome of interest or other relevant exposures."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Bias due to lack of blinding during exposure assessment"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Bias due to lack of masking during exposure assessment"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Awareness bias for exposure determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00238",
            "display" : "Observer bias for exposure determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00239",
            "display" : "Confirmation bias for exposure determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An observer bias for exposure determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Diagnostic suspicion bias for exposure determination"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Previous opinion bias for exposure  determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00214",
            "display" : "Recall bias for exposure determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00215",
            "display" : "Apprehension bias for exposure determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Hawthorne effect for exposure determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00216",
            "display" : "Hypothetical assessment bias for exposure determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Subjunctivity bias for exposure determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00217",
            "display" : "Mimicry bias for exposure determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the exposure."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00218",
            "display" : "Unacceptability bias for exposure determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an exposure."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Unacceptable disease bias for exposure determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00219",
            "display" : "Exposure Ascertainment Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Ascertainment Bias for exposure determination"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Data collection bias for exposure determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00220",
            "display" : "Nonrepresentative observation period for exposure of interest",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the time period used for observation of the exposure and the intended time period for the exposure of interest."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Misaligned follow up period for exposure of interest"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00221",
            "display" : "Nonrepresentative context for exposure ascertainment",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the exposure is observed and the intended context for the exposure of interest."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00222",
            "display" : "Inconsistency in exposure ascertainment",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Imbalance in exposure ascertainment"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00223",
            "display" : "Exposure Measurement Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are measured."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Measurement Bias for exposure determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00224",
            "display" : "Inappropriate method for exposure measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Incorrect exposure measurement method"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inappropriate exposure measurement method"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00225",
            "display" : "Insensitive measure bias for exposure determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the exposure when the exposure is present."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inadequate sensitivity for exposure measure"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inadequate sensitivity for exposure determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00226",
            "display" : "Nonspecific measure bias for exposure determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the exposure when the exposure is absent."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inadequate specificity for exposure measure"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00228",
            "display" : "Inappropriate application of method for exposure measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inappropriate exposure measurement conduct"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00229",
            "display" : "Inconsistency in exposure measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed exposures are measured."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00247",
            "display" : "Inconsistency in instruments used for exposure measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments for measurement."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00248",
            "display" : "Inconsistency in processes used for exposure measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00241",
            "display" : "Imbalance in exposure measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed exposures are measured."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00249",
            "display" : "Imbalance in instruments used for exposure measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00250",
            "display" : "Imbalance in processes used for exposure measurement",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00230",
            "display" : "Exposure Classification Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are classified."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Misclassification Bias for exposure determination"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Exposure Misclassification Bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00231",
            "display" : "Exposure Definition Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for exposure classification."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Definition Bias for exposure determination"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Threshold Bias for exposure determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00232",
            "display" : "Nonrepresentative definition for exposure classification",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure definition bias due to a mismatch between the exposure of interest and the definition or threshold used for exposure measurement."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00233",
            "display" : "Surrogate marker bias for exposure classification",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure definition bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the exposure rather than direct observation of the exposure."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Substitution bias for exposure classification"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Proxy bias for exposure classification"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00234",
            "display" : "Post-hoc definition of exposure",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure definition bias due to definition of the exposure after interacting with the study data."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Definition for exposure classification not prespecified"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Post-hoc exposure definition"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "No prespecified definition for exposure classification"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00236",
            "display" : "Classification process bias for exposure determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for exposure classification."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00237",
            "display" : "Incorporation Bias for exposure determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An exposure classification bias due to the inclusion of the outcome or other relevant exposures under investigation in the method or process used for exposure classification."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00044",
            "display" : "Confounder Detection Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A detection bias due to distortions in how the data for a potential confounder are determined."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00045",
            "display" : "Detection Bias related to the reference standard",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A detection bias due  to distortions in how the reference standard result is determined."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Bias for reference standard result determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00046",
            "display" : "Detection Bias related to the index test",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A detection bias due to distortions in how the index test result is determined."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Bias for index test result determination"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00383",
            "display" : "Data Entry Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A detection bias due to differences between measured values and recorded values."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Data Recording Bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00389",
            "display" : "Inappropriate time interval between predictor assessment and outcome determination",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A detection bias involving the time interval between the observation of the predictor and outcome, where the interval used by the study differs from the interval assumed by the predictive model."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00022",
            "display" : "Bias related to selection of the analysis",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of analysis methods before the analysis is applied."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Analysis Selection Bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00376",
            "display" : "Bias related to selection of the data for analysis",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of data included in the analysis before the analysis is applied."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00213",
            "display" : "Bias due to post-baseline factors influencing selection of the data for analysis",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias related to selection of the data analysis based on participant characteristics observed after study enrollment."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00312",
            "display" : "Missing or inadequate intention-to-treat analysis",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the original assignment to comparison groups in an interventional study."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inadequate as-randomized analysis"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00313",
            "display" : "Missing or inadequate per-protocol analysis",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the study protocol."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00381",
            "display" : "Missing or inadequate as-treated analysis",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the interventions actually received."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00377",
            "display" : "Bias related to selection of the variables for analysis",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of variables included in the analysis before the analysis is applied."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00292",
            "display" : "Bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for adjustment for confounding before the analysis is applied."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00299",
            "display" : "Bias controlling for time-varying confounding",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding in which the confounding is time-dependent."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00301",
            "display" : "Inadequate adherence effect analysis",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding by adherence."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Bias controlling for adherence effect"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Bias controlling for confounding by adherence"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00302",
            "display" : "Predictors included in outcome definition",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for estimation of association in which one variable is incorporated in the definition of the other variable."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00319",
            "display" : "Bias related to selection of predictors based on univariable analysis",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the predictor variables for estimation of association in which predictors are selected based on statistically significant univariable associations (without adjustment for other predictors)."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00378",
            "display" : "Bias related to selection of the analytic framework",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the analytic framework before the analysis is applied."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Bias related to selection of the statistical framework"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00297",
            "display" : "Inappropriate statistical model",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the analytic model does not match the dataset characteristics or does not match the intention of the analysis."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inappropriate analytic model"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00375",
            "display" : "Inappropriate modeling of censoring",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An inappropriate statistical model due to inappropriate accounting for ranges of potential observation in which data observation is not possible."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00316",
            "display" : "Bias due to selection of the statistical significance threshold",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias resulting from selection of an inappropriate threshold for statistical significance."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Significance-threshold selection bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Statistical significance threshold selection bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Bias related to selection of the threshold for statistical significance"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00317",
            "display" : "Bias related to multiple comparison adjustment",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which does not appropriately account for the effect of multiple comparisons on the statistical probability related to the result."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00382",
            "display" : "Mismatch of significance threshold and purpose",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which is inappropriate due to a mismatch between (1) how the statistical probability related to the result is determined and (2) the purpose for categorizing the result as statistically significant."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00304",
            "display" : "Immortal time bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which an outcome variable includes an observation period during which the outcome could not have occurred."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00293",
            "display" : "Inadequate sample size",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the sample size invalidates the assumptions of the analytic framework."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inadequate numbers for analysis"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00294",
            "display" : "Bias related to execution of the analysis",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to inappropriate decisions pertaining to preparation of data for analysis and/or conduct of the analysis."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Bias in processing of data"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00305",
            "display" : "Incomplete analysis",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to absence of a component of the analytic process."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Incomplete analysis process"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00306",
            "display" : "Inappropriate handling of uninterpretable data",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to omission of uninterpretable values, or their replacement with inappropriate values."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00307",
            "display" : "Inappropriate handling of missing data",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00308",
            "display" : "Inappropriate handling of variables",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to processing a variable in an incorrect role or with an incorrect datatype."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00300",
            "display" : "Bias in adjustment for selection bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to inappropriate application of adjustment techniques for correction of bias in the selection of participants for analysis."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00309",
            "display" : "Data Transition Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to differences between recorded data and data used for analysis."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00311",
            "display" : "Inappropriate handling of missing confounder data",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data for variables in the role of confounder."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00298",
            "display" : "Computational Implementation Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias due to miscalculations in the processing of the data."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Bug"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Statistical Programming Error"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Programming Error"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00324",
            "display" : "Reported analysis not following pre-specified analysis plan",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias in which the reported analysis does not match the pre-specified analysis plan."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00303",
            "display" : "Collider bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias in which an estimation of association between two variables is distorted by controlling for a third variable affected by both variables of interest (or factors causing the variables of interest)."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00314",
            "display" : "Preliminary analysis bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias related to analysis of data before the complete dataset is available."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Interim analysis bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00295",
            "display" : "Data-dredging bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias involving use of data analyses that are not pre-specified and fully disclosed, to select analyses with desirable results."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "p-hacking"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Fishing expedition"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Data snooping bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "p-hacking bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Fishing expedition bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00322",
            "display" : "final model not corresponding to multivariable analysis",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias in which the predictors and coefficients in the final model do not match the predictors and coefficients reported in the multivariable analysis."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00310",
            "display" : "Cognitive Interpretive Bias affecting analysis",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias related to the analytic process due to the subjective nature of human interpretation."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00379",
            "display" : "Cognitive Interpretive Bias affecting analysis selection",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias related to selection of the analysis due to the subjective nature of human interpretation."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00315",
            "display" : "Availability bias affecting analysis selection",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A Cognitive Interpretive Bias due to the use of information which is most readily available, rather than information which is most representative, affecting analysis selection."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00380",
            "display" : "Cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias in processing of data due to the subjective nature of human interpretation."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00296",
            "display" : "Lack of blinding of data analysts",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis due to the analyst's awareness of the participants' status with respect to the variables defining the comparison groups."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Lack of masking of data analysts"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00392",
            "display" : "Inappropriate weighting bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias in which the weights used in model construction do not align with the target of estimation or estimand."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00320",
            "display" : "Inappropriate evaluation of predictive model performance measures",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of a performance measure (such as calibration or discrimination) is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00393",
            "display" : "Inappropriate evaluation of calibration of predictive model",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of calibration is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00394",
            "display" : "Inappropriate evaluation of discrimination of predictive model",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of discrimination is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00321",
            "display" : "model overfitting",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An analysis bias, specific to predictive model development studies, in which strategies to mitigate overfitting are not adequately applied."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00024",
            "display" : "Selective Reporting Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of the results or research findings that are reported."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00330",
            "display" : "Selective Outcome Reporting",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcomes are reported within results or research findings."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Outcome reporting bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00336",
            "display" : "Selective outcome measure reporting",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcome measures are reported for an outcome."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Selective outcome measure reporting within outcome domain"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00331",
            "display" : "Selective subgroup reporting",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of subsets of groups of participants for which results or research findings are reported."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Subgroup reporting bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Subgroup analysis reporting bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Selective subgroup analysis reporting"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00331a",
            "display" : "Selective comparison reporting",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of comparison groups for which results or research findings are reported."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00333",
            "display" : "Selective analysis reporting from repeated analyses at multiple times",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed at multiple points in time in a longitudinal study."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00334",
            "display" : "Selective analysis reporting from multiple analytic models",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed in multiple ways."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00335",
            "display" : "Selective threshold reporting bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which thresholds (used for definitions of the variables) are reported."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Selective cutoff reporting bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00025",
            "display" : "Cognitive interpretive bias in reporting",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A distortion in the representation of study results or research findings due to the subjective nature of human interpretation."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Spin bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Cognitive interpretive bias for reporting"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Selective Interpretation Reporting Bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Selective Representation Reporting Bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Cognitive interpretive reporting bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00338",
            "display" : "Interpretation of results not addressing potential for bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby the reported interpretation of results does not adequately address potential for bias."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Interpretation of results not addressing risk of bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00328",
            "display" : "Results emphasized based on statistical significance",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby results with statistical significance are given exaggerated attention."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00340",
            "display" : "Confirmation bias in reporting",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to the influence of an individual’s ideas, beliefs or hypotheses."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00329",
            "display" : "External validity bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to a mismatch between what the observed data represent and the results that were reported."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00327",
            "display" : "Early dissemination bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A reporting bias due to publication or reporting of results or research findings that change in subsequent reports."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Preliminary reporting bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Early reporting bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Interim reporting bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Early publication bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Interim publication bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Premature publication bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Preliminary publication bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Premature reporting bias"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Premature dissemination bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00384",
            "display" : "Fabrication Bias",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A reporting bias resulting from intentional misrepresentation of any part of the study."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Fraud"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00325",
            "display" : "Inadequate reporting of methods",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of methods to determine the validity of the results."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inadequate reporting to assess analytic strategy"
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inadequate methods reporting bias"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00326",
            "display" : "Inadequate explanation of participant withdrawals",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of reasons for withdrawals of participants after study enrollment."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "Inadequate explanation of participant attrition"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00345",
            "display" : "Synthesis missing eligible studies"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00346",
            "display" : "Study parameters not appropriate for synthesis"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00347",
            "display" : "Heterogeneity not addressed"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00348",
            "display" : "Inconsistency within sensitivity analyses"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00349",
            "display" : "Biases in studies influence synthesis"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00350",
            "display" : "Synthesis Information Bias"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00351",
            "display" : "Insufficient study characteristics available for proper results interpretation"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00352",
            "display" : "Incomplete collection of relevant study results for synthesis"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00353",
            "display" : "Methodologic quality assessment inadequate"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00354",
            "display" : "Error in risk of bias assessment not minimized"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00369",
            "display" : "Error in data collection not minimized"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00356",
            "display" : "Inappropriate qualitative approach"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00357",
            "display" : "Inadequate qualitative data collection methods"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00358",
            "display" : "Inappropriate qualitative analysis"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00359",
            "display" : "Unsubstantiated interpretation of results"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00360",
            "display" : "Incoherence between data, analysis, and interpretation"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00361",
            "display" : "Inadequate rationale for mixed methods design"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00362",
            "display" : "Ineffective integration of study components"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00363",
            "display" : "Inappropriate interpretation of integration of qualitative and quantitative findings"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00364",
            "display" : "Inadequate handling of inconsistency"
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00368",
            "display" : "bias in external validation assessment",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias in validation assessment using a sample source that differs from those used in the derivation of the procedure."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "inadequate external validation assessment"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00367",
            "display" : "bias in internal validation assessment",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "A bias in validation assessment specific to a validation assessment that uses the same sample source that was used in the derivation of the procedure."
              },
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000013009",
                  "display" : "Synonym (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "inadequate internal validation assessment"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00371",
            "display" : "Early study termination bias due to competing interests",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An early study termination bias due to the decision to end the study being influenced by financial, commercial, legal, political, social, professional, or intellectual  interests."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00372",
            "display" : "Early study termination bias due to unplanned use of interim analysis",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An early study termination bias due to awareness of study results without following a preplanned protocol for how interim results will influence the decision to terminate the study."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00373",
            "display" : "Early study termination bias due to inappropriate statistical stopping rule",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An early study termination bias due to use of an inappropriate model or threshold in the analysis used for determination to end the study."
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "code" : "SEVCO:00374",
            "display" : "Early study termination bias due to external factors",
            "designation" : [
              {
                "use" : {
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "900000000000550004",
                  "display" : "Definition (core metadata concept)"
                },
                "value" : "An early study termination bias due to a decision to end the study based on factors other than the results of interim analysis."
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}