18508207 A Phase 3 placebo-controlled, double-blind, multi-site trial of the alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, lofexidine, for opioid withdrawal. - XML Representation - Evidence Based Medicine on FHIR Implementation Guide v1.0.0-ballot

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: 18508207 A Phase 3 placebo-controlled, double-blind, multi-site trial of the alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, lofexidine, for opioid withdrawal. - XML Representation

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    <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p><b>Generated Narrative: Citation</b><a name="179637"> </a></p><div style="display: inline-block; background-color: #d9e0e7; padding: 6px; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid #8da1b4; border-radius: 5px; line-height: 60%"><p style="margin-bottom: 0px">Resource Citation &quot;179637&quot; Version &quot;1&quot; Updated &quot;2023-11-27 14:51:05+0000&quot; </p></div><p><b>StructureDefinition Work Group</b>: cds</p><p><b>url</b>: <code>https://fevir.net/resources/Citation/179637</code></p><p><b>identifier</b>: FEvIR Object Identifier: 179637, id: 18508207</p><p><b>version</b>: 1.0.0-ballot</p><p><b>title</b>: 18508207 A Phase 3 placebo-controlled, double-blind, multi-site trial of the alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, lofexidine, for opioid withdrawal.</p><p><b>status</b>: active</p><p><b>date</b>: 2023-12-17 16:55:23+0000</p><p><b>publisher</b>: HL7 International / Clinical Decision Support</p><p><b>contact</b>: HL7 International / Clinical Decision Support: <a href="http://www.hl7.org/Special/committees/dss">http://www.hl7.org/Special/committees/dss</a></p><p><b>description</b>: This Citation Resource is referenced in an example for the EBMonFHIR Implementation Guide.</p><h3>UseContexts</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Code</b></td><td><b>Value[x]</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>FEvIR Platform Use (Details: http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-classification-type code fevir-platform-use = 'FEvIR Platform Use', stated as 'FEvIR Platform Use')</td><td>Medline Base <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-citation-artifact-classifier.html">Citation Artifact Classifier</a>#medline-base)</span></td></tr></table><p><b>jurisdiction</b>: World <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (m49.htm#001)</span></p><p><b>copyright</b>: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</p><p><b>approvalDate</b>: 2008-12-16</p><p><b>lastReviewDate</b>: 2021-10-20</p><p><b>author</b>: Computable Publishing®: MEDLINE-to-FEvIR Converter: </p><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Citation Source <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-citation-classification-type.html">Citation Classification Type</a>#citation-source)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: MEDLINE <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: MEDLINE Citation Owner <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-citation-classification-type.html">Citation Classification Type</a>#medline-owner)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: National Library of Medicine, Index Section <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (elements_descriptions.html#owner_value#NLM)</span></p></blockquote><p><b>currentState</b>: Medline Citation Status of Medline <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-citation-status-type.html">Citation Status Type</a>#medline-medline)</span>, PubMed PublicationStatus of ppublish <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-citation-status-type.html">Citation Status Type</a>#pubmed-publication-status-ppublish)</span></p><blockquote><p><b>statusDate</b></p><p><b>activity</b>: PubMed Pubstatus of Received <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-citation-status-type.html">Citation Status Type</a>#pubmed-pubstatus-received)</span></p><p><b>period</b>: ?? --&gt; 2007-11-22</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>statusDate</b></p><p><b>activity</b>: PubMed Pubstatus of Revised <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-citation-status-type.html">Citation Status Type</a>#pubmed-pubstatus-revised)</span></p><p><b>period</b>: ?? --&gt; 2008-04-08</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>statusDate</b></p><p><b>activity</b>: PubMed Pubstatus of Accepted <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-citation-status-type.html">Citation Status Type</a>#pubmed-pubstatus-accepted)</span></p><p><b>period</b>: ?? --&gt; 2008-04-09</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>statusDate</b></p><p><b>activity</b>: PubMed Pubstatus of Pubmed <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-citation-status-type.html">Citation Status Type</a>#pubmed-pubstatus-pubmed)</span></p><p><b>period</b>: ?? --&gt; 2008-05-30 09:00:00+0000</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>statusDate</b></p><p><b>activity</b>: PubMed Pubstatus of Medline <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-citation-status-type.html">Citation Status Type</a>#pubmed-pubstatus-medline)</span></p><p><b>period</b>: ?? --&gt; 2008-12-17 09:00:00+0000</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>statusDate</b></p><p><b>activity</b>: PubMed Pubstatus of Entrez <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-citation-status-type.html">Citation Status Type</a>#pubmed-pubstatus-entrez)</span></p><p><b>period</b>: ?? --&gt; 2008-05-30 09:00:00+0000</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>citedArtifact</b></p><p><b>identifier</b>: id: 18508207, mid: NIHMS61453, id: PMC2613766, id: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.04.002, pii: S0376-8716(08)00140-3</p><h3>Titles</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Language</b></td><td><b>Text</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>Primary title <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-title-type.html">Title Type</a>#primary)</span></td><td>English <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://terminology.hl7.org/5.3.0/CodeSystem-v3-ietf3066.html">Tags for the Identification of Languages</a>#en)</span></td><td>A Phase 3 placebo-controlled, double-blind, multi-site trial of the alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, lofexidine, for opioid withdrawal.</td></tr></table><h3>Abstracts</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Text</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>**CONTEXT:** Lofexidine is an alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonist that is approved in the United Kingdom for the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms. Lofexidine has been reported to have more significant effects on decreasing opioid withdrawal symptoms with less hypotension than clonidine.
**OBJECTIVE:** To demonstrate that lofexidine is well tolerated and effective in the alleviation of observationally defined opioid withdrawal symptoms in opioid dependent individuals undergoing medically supervised opioid detoxification as compared to placebo.
**DESIGN:** An inpatient, Phase 3, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized multi-site trial with three phases: (1) opioid agonist stabilization phase (days 1-3), (2) detoxification/medication or placebo phase (days 4-8), and (3) post detoxification/medication phase (days 9-11).
**SUBJECTS:** Sixty-eight opioid dependent subjects were enrolled at three sites with 35 randomized to lofexidine and 33 to placebo.
**MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:** Modified Himmelsbach Opiate Withdrawal Scale (MHOWS) on study day 5 (second opioid detoxification treatment day).
**RESULTS:** Due to significant findings, the study was terminated early. On the study day 5 MHOWS, subjects treated with lofexidine had significantly lower scores (equating to fewer/less severe withdrawal symptoms) than placebo subjects (least squares means 19.5+/-2.1 versus 30.9+/-2.7; p=0.0019). Lofexidine subjects had significantly better retention in treatment than placebo subjects (38.2% versus 15.2%; Log rank test p=0.01).
**CONCLUSIONS:** Lofexidine is well tolerated and more efficacious than placebo for reducing opioid withdrawal symptoms in inpatients undergoing medically supervised opioid detoxification.</td></tr></table><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: Journal Article <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-citation-artifact-classifier.html">Citation Artifact Classifier</a>#D016428)</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: Aghajanian GK. Central noradrenergic neurons: a locus for the functional interplay between alpha-2 adrenoceptors and opiate receptors. 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97</p><p><b>issue</b>: 1-2</p><p><b>articleDate</b>: 2008-09-01</p><p><b>publicationDateText</b>: 2008-Sep-01</p><p><b>language</b>: English <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://terminology.hl7.org/5.3.0/CodeSystem-v3-ietf3066.html">Tags for the Identification of Languages</a>#en)</span></p><p><b>pageString</b>: 158-68</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>publicationForm</b></p><p><b>citedMedium</b>: Internet without issue <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-medium.html">Cited Medium</a>#internet-without-issue)</span></p><p><b>articleDate</b>: 2008-05-27</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>webLocation</b></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Abstract <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-artifact-url-classifier.html">Artifact Url Classifier</a>#abstract)</span></p><p><b>url</b>: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18508207/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18508207/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>webLocation</b></p><p><b>classifier</b>: DOI Based <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-artifact-url-classifier.html">Artifact Url Classifier</a>#doi-based)</span></p><p><b>url</b>: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.04.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.04.002</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Publishing Model <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#publishing-model)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Print Electronic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-citation-artifact-classifier.html">Citation Artifact Classifier</a>#Print-Electronic)</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Chemical <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#chemical)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D000316)</span>, Analgesics, Opioid <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D000701)</span>, Clonidine <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (chemical-substances#MN3L5RMN02; #D003000)</span>, lofexidine <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (chemical-substances#UI82K0T627; #C025655)</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: MeSH Heading <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading)</span></p><p><b>artifactAssessment</b>: <a name="meshHeading0"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="meshHeading0"> </a></p><p><b>artifact</b>: <a href="#">#</a></p><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D000316)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: adverse effects <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#Q000009)</span></p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: therapeutic use <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#Q000627)</span></p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Adult <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D000328)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Analgesics, Opioid <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D000701)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is Major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Clonidine <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D003000)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: adverse effects <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#Q000009)</span></p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: analogs &amp; derivatives <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#Q000031)</span></p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: therapeutic use <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#Q000627)</span></p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Data Collection <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D003625)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Double-Blind Method <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D004311)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Female <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D005260)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Humans <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D006801)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Male <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D008297)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Middle Aged <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D008875)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D011569)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Substance Abuse Detection <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D015813)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Substance Withdrawal Syndrome <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D013375)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: drug therapy <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#Q000188)</span></p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Survival Analysis <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D016019)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Treatment Outcome <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D016896)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Publication Type <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#publication-type)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Clinical Trial, Phase III <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D017428)</span>, Journal Article <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D016428)</span>, Multicenter Study <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D016448)</span>, Randomized Controlled Trial <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D016449)</span>, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D052061)</span>, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D013486)</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Knowledge Artifact Type <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#knowledge-artifact-type)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Journal Article <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-citation-artifact-classifier.html">Citation Artifact Classifier</a>#D016428)</span></p><p><b>artifactAssessment</b>: <span>: Classifier added by Computable Publishing LLC</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Citation Subset <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#citation-subset)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: IM <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (elements_descriptions.html#citationsubset#IM)</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>contributorship</b></p><p><b>complete</b>: true</p><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author0"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author0"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Elmer Yu </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: E</p><p><b>affiliation</b>: <span>: University of Pennsylvania &amp; Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia VAMC 116, University &amp; Woodland Avenues, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. yu_e@mail.trc.upenn.edu &lt;yu_e@mail.trc.upenn.edu&gt;</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author1"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author1"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Karen Miotto </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: K</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author2"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author2"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Evaristo Akerele </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: E</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author3"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author3"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Ann Montgomery </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: A</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author4"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author4"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Ahmed Elkashef </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: A</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author5"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author5"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Robert Walsh </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: R</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author6"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author6"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Ivan Montoya </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: I</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author7"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author7"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Marian W Fischman </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: MW</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author8"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author8"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Joseph Collins </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: J</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author9"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author9"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Frances McSherry </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: F</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author10"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author10"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Kathy Boardman </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: K</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author11"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author11"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: David K Davies </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: DK</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author12"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author12"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Charles P O'Brien </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: CP</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author13"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author13"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Walter Ling </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: W</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author14"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author14"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Herbert Kleber </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: H</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a name="author15"> </a></p><blockquote><p/><p><a name="author15"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Barbara H Herman </p></blockquote><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: BH</p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author0</b><a name="author0"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Elmer Yu </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author1</b><a name="author1"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Karen Miotto </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author2</b><a name="author2"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Evaristo Akerele </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author3</b><a name="author3"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Ann Montgomery </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author4</b><a name="author4"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Ahmed Elkashef </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author5</b><a name="author5"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Robert Walsh </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author6</b><a name="author6"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Ivan Montoya </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author7</b><a name="author7"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Marian W Fischman </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author8</b><a name="author8"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Joseph Collins </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author9</b><a name="author9"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Frances McSherry </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author10</b><a name="author10"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Kathy Boardman </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author11</b><a name="author11"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: David K Davies </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author12</b><a name="author12"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Charles P O'Brien </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author13</b><a name="author13"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Walter Ling </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author14</b><a name="author14"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Herbert Kleber </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #author15</b><a name="author15"> </a></p><p><b>name</b>: Barbara H Herman </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p><b>Generated Narrative: ArtifactAssessment #meshHeading0</b><a name="meshHeading0"> </a></p><p><b>artifact</b>: <a href="#">#</a></p><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D000316)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: adverse effects <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#Q000009)</span></p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: therapeutic use <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#Q000627)</span></p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Adult <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D000328)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Analgesics, Opioid <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D000701)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is Major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Clonidine <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D003000)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: adverse effects <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#Q000009)</span></p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: analogs &amp; derivatives <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#Q000031)</span></p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: therapeutic use <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#Q000627)</span></p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Data Collection <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D003625)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Double-Blind Method <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D004311)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Female <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D005260)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Humans <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D006801)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Male <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D008297)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Middle Aged <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D008875)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Psychiatric Status Rating Scales <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D011569)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Substance Abuse Detection <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D015813)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class="grid"><tr><td style="display: none">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style="display: none">*</td><td>qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td><td>is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Substance Withdrawal Syndrome <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#D013375)</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: is not a major topic <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: qualifier <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> ()</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: drug therapy <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (#Q000188)</span></p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>informationType</b>: classifier</p><p><b>type</b>: components (if present) include qualifier codings <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid khaki"> (<a href="http://hl7.org/fhir/R5/codesystem-cited-artifact-classification-type.html">Cited Artifact Classification Type</a>#mesh-heading &quot;MeSH heading&quot;)</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: Survival Analysis <span style="background: LightGoldenRodYellow; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid 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            value="**CONTEXT:** Lofexidine is an alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonist that is approved in the United Kingdom for the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms. Lofexidine has been reported to have more significant effects on decreasing opioid withdrawal symptoms with less hypotension than clonidine.
**OBJECTIVE:** To demonstrate that lofexidine is well tolerated and effective in the alleviation of observationally defined opioid withdrawal symptoms in opioid dependent individuals undergoing medically supervised opioid detoxification as compared to placebo.
**DESIGN:** An inpatient, Phase 3, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized multi-site trial with three phases: (1) opioid agonist stabilization phase (days 1-3), (2) detoxification/medication or placebo phase (days 4-8), and (3) post detoxification/medication phase (days 9-11).
**SUBJECTS:** Sixty-eight opioid dependent subjects were enrolled at three sites with 35 randomized to lofexidine and 33 to placebo.
**MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:** Modified Himmelsbach Opiate Withdrawal Scale (MHOWS) on study day 5 (second opioid detoxification treatment day).
**RESULTS:** Due to significant findings, the study was terminated early. On the study day 5 MHOWS, subjects treated with lofexidine had significantly lower scores (equating to fewer/less severe withdrawal symptoms) than placebo subjects (least squares means 19.5+/-2.1 versus 30.9+/-2.7; p=0.0019). Lofexidine subjects had significantly better retention in treatment than placebo subjects (38.2% versus 15.2%; Log rank test p=0.01).
**CONCLUSIONS:** Lofexidine is well tolerated and more efficacious than placebo for reducing opioid withdrawal symptoms in inpatients undergoing medically supervised opioid detoxification."/>
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