Personal Health Device Implementation Guide
2.0.0-ballot - STU2 Ballot International flag

This page is part of the Personal Health Device FHIR IG (v2.0.0-ballot: STU 2 Ballot 1) based on FHIR (HL7® FHIR® Standard) v4.3.0. The current version which supersedes this version is 1.0.0. For a full list of available versions, see the Directory of published versions

Resource Profile: PhdStringEnumerationObservation - Detailed Descriptions

Draft as of 2017-06-02

Definitions for the PhdStringEnumerationObservation resource profile.

Guidance on how to interpret the contents of this table can be found here

0. Observation
Definition

The PhdStringEnumerationObservation reports PHD measurements that contain a Enum-Observed-Value-Simple-Str attribute.

ShortReports measurements that are enumerated human-readable strings
Comments

This type of measurement is used when the Personal Health Device reports a measurement as an arbitrary text string. An example would be the program name of an exercise option on a piece of cardio equipment. These strings are not generically processable by machine and only for human consumption.

2. Observation.value[x]
ShortHuman readable text string
Control1..?
Typestring, dateTime, boolean, SampledData, Quantity, Period, Ratio, integer, time, Range, CodeableConcept
[x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
4. Observation.dataAbsentReason
Definition

Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.valueString is missing.

ShortPopulated when the Measurement-Status or an Enum-Observed-Value status indicates invalid, not unavailable, or msmt ongoing
Comments

Only the Measurement-Status/status flags indicating invalid, not unavailable, or msmt ongoing will generate this element and cause the value[x] to be absent. The remaining settings of the status values are reported in the meta.security element or interpretation element.

6. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding
Control1..?
SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
  • value @ system
  • 8. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding:FhirDefault
    Slice NameFhirDefault
    Control1..1
    10. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding:FhirDefault.system
    Control1..?
    Fixed Valuehttp://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/data-absent-reason
    12. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding:FhirDefault.code
    Control1..?

    Guidance on how to interpret the contents of this table can be found here

    0. Observation
    Definition

    The PhdStringEnumerationObservation reports PHD measurements that contain a Enum-Observed-Value-Simple-Str attribute.


    Measurements and simple assertions made about a patient, device or other subject.

    ShortReports measurements that are enumerated human-readable stringsMeasurements and simple assertions
    Comments

    This type of measurement is used when the Personal Health Device reports a measurement as an arbitrary text string. An example would be the program name of an exercise option on a piece of cardio equipment. These strings are not generically processable by machine and only for human consumption.


    Used for simple observations such as device measurements, laboratory atomic results, vital signs, height, weight, smoking status, comments, etc. Other resources are used to provide context for observations such as laboratory reports, etc.

    Control0..*
    Is Modifierfalse
    Must Supportfalse
    Summaryfalse
    Alternate NamesVital Signs, Measurement, Results, Tests
    Invariantsdom-2: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources (contained.contained.empty())
    dom-3: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource (contained.where(((id.exists() and ('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url)))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(uri) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty())
    dom-4: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated (contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty())
    dom-5: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label (contained.meta.security.empty())
    dom-6: A resource should have narrative for robust management (text.`div`.exists())
    obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present (dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty())
    obs-7: If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present (value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty())
    2. Observation.meta
    Definition

    The metadata about the resource. This is content that is maintained by the infrastructure. Changes to the content might not always be associated with version changes to the resource.

    ShortMetadata about the resource
    Control10..1
    TypeMeta
    Is Modifierfalse
    Must Supportfalse
    Summarytrue
    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    4. Observation.meta.security
    Definition

    Security labels applied to this resource. These tags connect specific resources to the overall security policy and infrastructure.

    ShortSecurity Labels applied to this resource
    Comments

    The security labels can be updated without changing the stated version of the resource. The list of security labels is a set. Uniqueness is based the system/code, and version and display are ignored.

    Control0..*
    BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from All Security Labelshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/security-labels
    (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/security-labels)
    TypeCoding
    Is Modifierfalse
    Summarytrue
    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.meta.security. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
    • value @ system
    • value @ code
    • 6. Observation.meta.security:PhdHtest
      Slice NamePhdHtest
      Definition

      Security labels applied to this resource. These tags connect specific resources to the overall security policy and infrastructure.

      ShortSecurity value set to HTEST when measurement status indicates demo or test dataSecurity Labels applied to this resource
      Comments

      The security labels can be updated without changing the stated version of the resource. The list of security labels is a set. Uniqueness is based the system/code, and version and display are ignored.

      Control0..1*
      BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from All Security Labelshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/security-labels
      (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/security-labels)
      TypeCoding
      Is Modifierfalse
      Summarytrue
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      8. Observation.meta.security:PhdHtest.system
      Definition

      The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

      ShortIdentity of the terminology system
      Comments

      The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

      Control10..1
      Typeuri
      Is Modifierfalse
      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

      Fixed Valuehttp://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/v3-ActReason
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      10. Observation.meta.security:PhdHtest.code
      Definition

      A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

      ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
      Control10..1
      Typecode
      Is Modifierfalse
      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

      Fixed ValueHTEST
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      12. Observation.implicitRules
      Definition

      A reference to a set of rules that were followed when the resource was constructed, and which must be understood when processing the content. Often, this is a reference to an implementation guide that defines the special rules along with other profiles etc.

      ShortA set of rules under which this content was created
      Comments

      Asserting this rule set restricts the content to be only understood by a limited set of trading partners. This inherently limits the usefulness of the data in the long term. However, the existing health eco-system is highly fractured, and not yet ready to define, collect, and exchange data in a generally computable sense. Wherever possible, implementers and/or specification writers should avoid using this element. Often, when used, the URL is a reference to an implementation guide that defines these special rules as part of it's narrative along with other profiles, value sets, etc.

      Control0..1
      Typeuri
      Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because the implicit rules may provide additional knowledge about the resource that modifies it's meaning or interpretation
      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
      Must Supportfalse
      Summarytrue
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      14. Observation.extension:GatewayDevice
      Slice NameGatewayDevice
      Definition

      To be used when the actual gateway used at the time of the observation, and the referenced device is also specified. The gateway device may be acting as a communication/data collector, translator or controller; This extension is useful when there is more than one gateway device, for example, where there are apps on a phone and each are a device, and more than one app is used to pass on the data to a FHIR Server. In that case you need to be able to say from the observation which specific app was used to act as gateway. Note that the Provenance/AuditEvent resources can represent the same information.

      ShortGateway Device
      Control0..1
      TypeExtension(Observation Gateway Device) (Extension Type: Reference(Device))
      Is Modifierfalse
      Must Supportfalse
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
      ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
      16. Observation.modifierExtension
      Definition

      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the resource and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

      Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

      ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored
      Comments

      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

      Control0..*
      TypeExtension
      Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the resource that contains them
      Must Supportfalse
      Summaryfalse
      Requirements

      Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

      Alternate Namesextensions, user content
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
      18. Observation.identifier
      Definition

      A unique identifier assigned to this observation.

      ShortBusiness Identifier for observation
      NoteThis is a business identifier, not a resource identifier (see discussion)
      Control0..*
      TypeIdentifier
      Is Modifierfalse
      Must Supportfalse
      Summarytrue
      Requirements

      Allows observations to be distinguished and referenced.

      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.identifier. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
      • exists @ value
      • exists @ system
      • exists @ type
      • 20. Observation.identifier:conditionalCreate
        Slice NameconditionalCreate
        Definition

        An identifier created from a combination of the measurement parameters like sensor time stamp, type code, unit code, patient and device identifiers, and selected elements of any component elements.


        A unique identifier assigned to this observation.

        ShortUnique identifier of this measurement for a given patient and deviceBusiness Identifier for observation
        Comments

        This value is used in the conditional create to prevent data duplication. PHDs will often re-send already sent data for a variety of reasons. This element is required unless the metric measurement contains no time stamp or is a measurement containing a time stamp that is real time. By real time the time stamp reported by the PHD must be later than the current time reported by the PHD before any measurements are received. There might be other means to ascertain whether the data is real time. Temporarily stored data from IEEE 11073-10206 compliant devices, which are required to be deleted the data after sending, can be considered real time. An example of this are temporarily stored observation from a device implementing the Bluetooth SIG GHS profile or implementing another Bluetooth SIG medical sensor device profile.

        NoteThis is a business identifier, not a resource identifier (see discussion)
        Control0..1*
        TypeIdentifier
        Is Modifierfalse
        Must Supportfalse
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Allows observations to be distinguished in a selective enough manner to prevent resource duplication.


        Allows observations to be distinguished and referenced.

        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
        22. Observation.identifier:conditionalCreate.use
        Definition

        The purpose of this identifier.

        Shortusual | official | temp | secondary | old (If known)
        Comments

        Applications can assume that an identifier is permanent unless it explicitly says that it is temporary.

        Control0..1
        BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from IdentifierUsehttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/identifier-use|4.3.0
        (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/identifier-use|4.3.0)
        Typecode
        Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because applications should not mistake a temporary id for a permanent one.
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Allows the appropriate identifier for a particular context of use to be selected from among a set of identifiers.

        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
        24. Observation.identifier:conditionalCreate.type
        Definition

        A coded type for the identifier that can be used to determine which identifier to use for a specific purpose.

        ShortDescription of identifier
        Comments

        This element deals only with general categories of identifiers. It SHOULD not be used for codes that correspond 1..1 with the Identifier.system. Some identifiers may fall into multiple categories due to common usage. Where the system is known, a type is unnecessary because the type is always part of the system definition. However systems often need to handle identifiers where the system is not known. There is not a 1:1 relationship between type and system, since many different systems have the same type.

        Control0..01
        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from Identifier Type Codeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/identifier-type
        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/identifier-type)
        TypeCodeableConcept
        Is Modifierfalse
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Allows users to make use of identifiers when the identifier system is not known.

        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
        26. Observation.identifier:conditionalCreate.system
        Definition

        Establishes the namespace for the value - that is, a URL that describes a set values that are unique.

        ShortThe namespace for the identifier value
        Comments

        Identifier.system is always case sensitive.

        Control0..01
        Typeuri
        Is Modifierfalse
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        There are many sets of identifiers. To perform matching of two identifiers, we need to know what set we're dealing with. The system identifies a particular set of unique identifiers.

        Example<br/><b>General</b>:http://www.acme.com/identifiers/patient
        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
        28. Observation.identifier:conditionalCreate.value
        Definition

        The portion of the identifier typically relevant to the user and which is unique within the context of the system.

        ShortThe value that is unique
        Comments

        If the value is a full URI, then the system SHALL be urn:ietf:rfc:3986. The value's primary purpose is computational mapping. As a result, it may be normalized for comparison purposes (e.g. removing non-significant whitespace, dashes, etc.) A value formatted for human display can be conveyed using the Rendered Value extension. Identifier.value is to be treated as case sensitive unless knowledge of the Identifier.system allows the processer to be confident that non-case-sensitive processing is safe.

        Control10..1
        Typestring
        Is Modifierfalse
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Summarytrue
        Example<br/><b>General</b>:123456
        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
        30. Observation.status
        Definition

        The status of the result value. Either 'final' or 'preliminary'


        The status of the result value.

        Shortregistered | preliminary | final | amended +
        Comments

        The value shall be set to 'final' unless a Measurement-Status attribute or Nu-Observed-Value attribute status field indicates that the measurement is preliminary. In that case this field shall be set to 'preliminary'


        This element is labeled as a modifier because the status contains codes that mark the resource as not currently valid.

        Control1..1
        BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from ObservationStatushttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.3.0
        (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.3.0)

        Codes providing the status of an observation.

        Typecode
        Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because it is a status element that contains status entered-in-error which means that the resource should not be treated as valid
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Must Supportfalse
        Summarytrue
        Requirements

        Need to track the status of individual results. Some results are finalized before the whole report is finalized.

        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
        32. Observation.category
        Definition

        A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

        ShortClassification of type of observation
        Comments

        In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

        Control10..*
        BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category
        (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category)

        Codes for high level observation categories.

        TypeCodeableConcept
        Is Modifierfalse
        Must Supportfalse
        Summaryfalse
        Requirements

        Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
        SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.category. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
        • value @ coding.code
        • value @ coding.system
        • 34. Observation.category:PHD-Observation
          Slice NamePHD-Observation
          Definition

          A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

          ShortClassification of type of observation
          Comments

          The category enables identifying observations generated by PHDs.


          In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

          Control10..1*
          BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category
          (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category)

          Codes for high level observation categories.

          TypeCodeableConcept
          Is Modifierfalse
          Must Supportfalse
          Summaryfalse
          Requirements

          Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          36. Observation.category:PHD-Observation.coding
          Definition

          A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

          ShortCode defined by a terminology system
          Comments

          Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

          Control10..*
          TypeCoding
          Is Modifierfalse
          Summarytrue
          Requirements

          Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          38. Observation.category:PHD-Observation.coding.system
          Definition

          The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

          ShortIdentity of the terminology system
          Comments

          The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

          Control10..1
          Typeuri
          Is Modifierfalse
          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
          Summarytrue
          Requirements

          Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

          Fixed Valuehttp://hl7.org/fhir/uv/phd/CodeSystem/PhdObservationCategories
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          40. Observation.category:PHD-Observation.coding.code
          Definition

          A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

          ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
          Control10..1
          Typecode
          Is Modifierfalse
          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
          Summarytrue
          Requirements

          Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

          Fixed Valuephd-observation
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          42. Observation.code
          Definition

          Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "name".

          ShortType of observation (code / type)
          Comments

          All code-value and, if present, component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

          Control1..1
          BindingFor example codes, see LOINCCodeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes
          (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes)

          Codes identifying names of simple observations.

          TypeCodeableConcept
          Is Modifierfalse
          Must Supportfalse
          Summarytrue
          Requirements

          Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

          Alternate NamesName
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          44. Observation.code.coding
          Definition

          A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

          ShortCode defined by a terminology system
          Comments

          Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

          Control10..*
          TypeCoding
          Is Modifierfalse
          Summarytrue
          Requirements

          Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.code.coding. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
          • value @ system
          • 46. Observation.code.coding:MDCType
            Slice NameMDCType
            Definition

            This MDC code expresses what the measurement is.


            A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

            ShortThe 11073-10101 MDC code for the measurementCode defined by a terminology system
            Comments

            The value for the code can be obtained from the IEEE 11073-10206 Observation.type attribute.


            Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

            Control10..1*
            TypeCoding
            Is Modifierfalse
            Summarytrue
            Requirements

            Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            48. Observation.code.coding:MDCType.system
            Definition

            The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

            ShortIdentity of the terminology system
            Comments

            The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

            Control10..1
            Typeuri
            Is Modifierfalse
            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
            Summarytrue
            Requirements

            Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

            Fixed Valueurn:iso:std:iso:11073:10101
            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            50. Observation.code.coding:MDCType.code
            Definition

            A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

            ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
            Comments

            Required for all measurements

            Control10..1
            Typecode
            Is Modifierfalse
            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
            Summarytrue
            Requirements

            Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            52. Observation.code.coding:LoincCoding
            Slice NameLoincCoding
            Definition

            This LOINC code expresses what the measurement is


            A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

            ShortThe LOINC code for the measurementCode defined by a terminology system
            Comments

            If the observation is one of the FHIR-defined vital signs observation, the equivalent LOINC code for that vital sign as specified by FHIR appears here.


            Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

            Control0..1*
            TypeCoding
            Is Modifierfalse
            Summarytrue
            Requirements

            Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            54. Observation.code.coding:LoincCoding.system
            Definition

            The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

            ShortIdentity of the terminology system
            Comments

            The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

            Control10..1
            Typeuri
            Is Modifierfalse
            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
            Summarytrue
            Requirements

            Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

            Fixed Valuehttp://loinc.org
            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            56. Observation.code.coding:LoincCoding.code
            Definition

            A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

            ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
            Comments

            Required if the measurement is a vital sign

            Control10..1
            Typecode
            Is Modifierfalse
            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
            Summarytrue
            Requirements

            Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            58. Observation.subject
            Definition

            The patient, or group of patients, location, or device this observation is about and into whose record the observation is placed. If the actual focus of the observation is different from the subject (or a sample of, part, or region of the subject), the focus element or the code itself specifies the actual focus of the observation.

            ShortWho and/or what the observation is about
            Comments

            One would expect this element to be a cardinality of 1..1. The only circumstance in which the subject can be missing is when the observation is made by a device that does not know the patient. In this case, the observation SHALL be matched to a patient through some context/channel matching technique, and at this point, the observation should be updated.

            Control10..1
            TypeReference(Patient, Group, Device, Location, Organization, Procedure, Practitioner, Medication, Substance)
            Is Modifierfalse
            Must Supportfalse
            Summarytrue
            Requirements

            Observations have no value if you don't know who or what they're about.

            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            60. Observation.subject.reference
            Definition

            A reference to a location at which the other resource is found. The reference may be a relative reference, in which case it is relative to the service base URL, or an absolute URL that resolves to the location where the resource is found. The reference may be version specific or not. If the reference is not to a FHIR RESTful server, then it should be assumed to be version specific. Internal fragment references (start with '#') refer to contained resources.

            ShortLiteral reference, Relative, internal or absolute URL
            Comments

            Using absolute URLs provides a stable scalable approach suitable for a cloud/web context, while using relative/logical references provides a flexible approach suitable for use when trading across closed eco-system boundaries. Absolute URLs do not need to point to a FHIR RESTful server, though this is the preferred approach. If the URL conforms to the structure "/[type]/[id]" then it should be assumed that the reference is to a FHIR RESTful server.

            Control10..1
            This element is affected by the following invariants: ref-1
            Typestring
            Is Modifierfalse
            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
            Summarytrue
            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            62. Observation.effective[x]
            Definition

            The time or time-period the observed value is asserted as being true. It is a time period if a Measure-Active-Period (duration) attribute is part of the metric measurement sent by the PHD. Otherwise it is the time stamp sent by the PHD or the time of reception by the PHG if the PHD sent no time stamp.


            The time or time-period the observed value is asserted as being true. For biological subjects - e.g. human patients - this is usually called the "physiologically relevant time". This is usually either the time of the procedure or of specimen collection, but very often the source of the date/time is not known, only the date/time itself.

            ShortClinically relevant time/time-period for observation
            Comments

            At least a date should be present unless this observation is a historical report. For recording imprecise or "fuzzy" times (For example, a blood glucose measurement taken "after breakfast") use the Timing datatype which allow the measurement to be tied to regular life events.

            Control10..1
            TypeChoice of: dateTime, Period, Timing, instant
            [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
            Is Modifierfalse
            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
            Must Supportfalse
            Summarytrue
            Requirements

            Knowing when an observation was deemed true is important to its relevance as well as determining trends.

            Alternate NamesOccurrence
            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            64. Observation.value[x]
            Definition

            The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

            ShortHuman readable text stringActual result
            Comments

            An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

            Control10..1
            This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
            Typestring, dateTime, boolean, SampledData, Quantity, Period, Ratio, integer, time, Range, CodeableConcept
            [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
            Is Modifierfalse
            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
            Must Supportfalse
            Summarytrue
            Requirements

            An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            66. Observation.dataAbsentReason
            Definition

            Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.valueString is missing.


            Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.value[x] is missing.

            ShortPopulated when the Measurement-Status or an Enum-Observed-Value status indicates invalid, not unavailable, or msmt ongoingWhy the result is missing
            Comments

            Only the Measurement-Status/status flags indicating invalid, not unavailable, or msmt ongoing will generate this element and cause the value[x] to be absent. The remaining settings of the status values are reported in the meta.security element or interpretation element.


            Null or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "specimen unsatisfactory".

            The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Note that an observation may only be reported if there are values to report. For example differential cell counts values may be reported only when > 0. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for null or exceptional values.

            Control0..1
            This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6
            BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReasonhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason
            (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason)

            Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

            TypeCodeableConcept
            Is Modifierfalse
            Must Supportfalse
            Summaryfalse
            Requirements

            For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            68. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding
            Definition

            A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

            ShortCode defined by a terminology system
            Comments

            Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

            Control10..*
            TypeCoding
            Is Modifierfalse
            Summarytrue
            Requirements

            Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
            • value @ system
            • 70. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding:FhirDefault
              Slice NameFhirDefault
              Definition

              A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

              ShortCode defined by a terminology system
              Comments

              Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

              Control10..1*
              TypeCoding
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              72. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding:FhirDefault.system
              Definition

              The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

              ShortIdentity of the terminology system
              Comments

              The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

              Control10..1
              Typeuri
              Is Modifierfalse
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

              Fixed Valuehttp://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/data-absent-reason
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              74. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding:FhirDefault.code
              Definition

              A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

              ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
              Control10..1
              Typecode
              Is Modifierfalse
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              76. Observation.device
              Definition

              The device used to generate the observation data.

              Short(Measurement) Device
              Comments

              This field will reference the PHD Device.


              Note that this is not meant to represent a device involved in the transmission of the result, e.g., a gateway. Such devices may be documented using the Provenance resource where relevant.

              Control10..1
              TypeReference(Device, DeviceMetric)
              Is Modifierfalse
              Must Supportfalse
              Summaryfalse
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              78. Observation.device.reference
              Definition

              Reference to the device-related resources that describe the sensor device taking the measurement. This element will point to a Device resource following the Phd Device Profile.


              A reference to a location at which the other resource is found. The reference may be a relative reference, in which case it is relative to the service base URL, or an absolute URL that resolves to the location where the resource is found. The reference may be version specific or not. If the reference is not to a FHIR RESTful server, then it should be assumed to be version specific. Internal fragment references (start with '#') refer to contained resources.

              ShortReference to the device responsible for the measurementLiteral reference, Relative, internal or absolute URL
              Comments

              This reference points to the Device resource containing information about the sensor device that took the measurement.


              Using absolute URLs provides a stable scalable approach suitable for a cloud/web context, while using relative/logical references provides a flexible approach suitable for use when trading across closed eco-system boundaries. Absolute URLs do not need to point to a FHIR RESTful server, though this is the preferred approach. If the URL conforms to the structure "/[type]/[id]" then it should be assumed that the reference is to a FHIR RESTful server.

              Control10..1
              This element is affected by the following invariants: ref-1
              Typestring
              Is Modifierfalse
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Summarytrue
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              80. Observation.component
              Definition

              Some observations have multiple component observations. These component observations are expressed as separate code value pairs that share the same attributes. Examples include systolic and diastolic component observations for blood pressure measurement and multiple component observations for genetics observations.

              ShortComponent results
              Comments

              For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

              Control0..*
              TypeBackboneElement
              Is Modifierfalse
              Must Supportfalse
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children unless an empty Parameters resource (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()) or $this is Parameters)
              SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
              • value @ code
              • 82. Observation.component.modifierExtension
                Definition

                May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                Comments

                There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                Control0..*
                TypeExtension
                Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                Summarytrue
                Requirements

                Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                84. Observation.component.code
                Definition

                Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "code".

                ShortType of component observation (code / type)
                Comments

                All code-value and component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

                Control1..1
                BindingFor example codes, see LOINCCodeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes
                (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes)

                Codes identifying names of simple observations.

                TypeCodeableConcept
                Is Modifierfalse
                Must Supportfalse
                Summarytrue
                Requirements

                Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                86. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent
                Slice NamesupplementalTypesComponent
                Definition

                For each partition:term code pair contained in the Supplemental-Types attribute, a separate supplementalTypesComponent element is generated. The component is not generated if the attribute is absent or empty. The component shall be generated otherwise.


                Some observations have multiple component observations. These component observations are expressed as separate code value pairs that share the same attributes. Examples include systolic and diastolic component observations for blood pressure measurement and multiple component observations for genetics observations.

                ShortSupplemental Type: A further description of the measurement type.Component results
                Comments

                A PHD may send a Supplemental-Types attribute as part of the measurement. This attribute consists of a set of MDC nomenclature codes as partition:term code pairs. Each pair is a code describing something additional about the measurement, such as MDC_MODALITY_SPOT in the pulse oximeter which indicates that the provided measurement is a stable average. An MDC_MODALITY_FAST would indicate that a short averaging is used and the result reported regardless of stability.


                For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

                Control0..*
                TypeBackboneElement
                Is Modifierfalse
                Must Supportfalse
                Summarytrue
                Requirements

                Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children unless an empty Parameters resource (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()) or $this is Parameters)
                88. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.modifierExtension
                Definition

                May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                Comments

                There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                Control0..*
                TypeExtension
                Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                Summarytrue
                Requirements

                Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                90. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code
                Definition

                Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "code".

                ShortType of component observation (code / type)
                Comments

                All code-value and component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

                Control1..1
                BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from For example codes, see CodeableConcept 11073 Attributeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes
                (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/phd/ValueSet/CodeableConcept11073MDC)
                TypeCodeableConcept
                Is Modifierfalse
                Must Supportfalse
                Summarytrue
                Requirements

                Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                92. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.coding
                Definition

                A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                Comments

                Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                Control10..*
                TypeCoding
                Is Modifierfalse
                Summarytrue
                Requirements

                Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.code.coding. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                • value @ system
                • 94. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.coding:MdcType
                  Slice NameMdcType
                  Definition

                  A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                  ShortThe 11073-10101 MDC code for the measurementCode defined by a terminology system
                  Comments

                  Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                  Control10..1*
                  TypeCoding
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  96. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.coding:MdcType.system
                  Definition

                  The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

                  ShortIdentity of the terminology system
                  Comments

                  The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

                  Control10..1
                  Typeuri
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

                  Fixed Valueurn:iso:std:iso:11073:10101
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  98. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.coding:MdcType.code
                  Definition

                  68193 is the 32-bit nomenclature code indicating a 'Supplemental-Types' value


                  A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

                  ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
                  Control10..1
                  Typecode
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

                  Fixed Value68193
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  100. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]
                  Definition

                  The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                  ShortActual component result
                  Comments

                  Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                  Control10..1
                  TypeCodeableConcept, dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Quantity, Period, Ratio, integer, time, Range
                  [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Must Supportfalse
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.value[x]. The slices areUnordered and Closed, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                  • type @ $this
                  • 102. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept
                    Slice NamevalueCodeableConcept
                    Definition

                    The supplemental information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information is a code.


                    The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                    ShortActual component result
                    Comments

                    Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                    Control10..1
                    TypeCodeableConcept, dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Quantity, Period, Ratio, integer, time, Range
                    [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Must Supportfalse
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    104. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.coding
                    Definition

                    A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                    ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                    Comments

                    Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                    Control10..*
                    TypeCoding
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summarytrue
                    Requirements

                    Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.value[x].coding. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                    • value @ system
                    • 106. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.coding:MDCType
                      Slice NameMDCType
                      Definition

                      A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                      ShortRequired MDC code entry.Code defined by a terminology system
                      Comments

                      Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                      Control10..1*
                      TypeCoding
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Summarytrue
                      Requirements

                      Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      108. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.coding:MDCType.system
                      Definition

                      The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

                      ShortIdentity of the terminology system
                      Comments

                      The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

                      Control10..1
                      Typeuri
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                      Summarytrue
                      Requirements

                      Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

                      Fixed Valueurn:iso:std:iso:11073:10101
                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      110. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.coding:MDCType.code
                      Definition

                      For the given Supplemental-Types entry the code here is given by: partition * 2**16 + term code


                      A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

                      ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
                      Control10..1
                      Typecode
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                      Summarytrue
                      Requirements

                      Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      112. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.dataAbsentReason
                      Definition

                      Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.component.value[x] is missing.

                      ShortWhy the component result is missing
                      Comments

                      "Null" or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "test not done".

                      The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for exceptional values.

                      Control0..01
                      This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6
                      BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReasonhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason
                      (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason)

                      Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

                      TypeCodeableConcept
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Must Supportfalse
                      Summaryfalse
                      Requirements

                      For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))

                      Guidance on how to interpret the contents of this table can be found here

                      0. Observation
                      Definition

                      The PhdStringEnumerationObservation reports PHD measurements that contain a Enum-Observed-Value-Simple-Str attribute.

                      ShortReports measurements that are enumerated human-readable strings
                      Comments

                      This type of measurement is used when the Personal Health Device reports a measurement as an arbitrary text string. An example would be the program name of an exercise option on a piece of cardio equipment. These strings are not generically processable by machine and only for human consumption.

                      Control0..*
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Must Supportfalse
                      Summaryfalse
                      Alternate NamesVital Signs, Measurement, Results, Tests
                      Invariantsdom-2: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources (contained.contained.empty())
                      dom-3: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource (contained.where(((id.exists() and ('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url)))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(uri) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty())
                      dom-4: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated (contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty())
                      dom-5: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label (contained.meta.security.empty())
                      dom-6: A resource should have narrative for robust management (text.`div`.exists())
                      obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present (dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty())
                      obs-7: If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present (value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty())
                      2. Observation.id
                      Definition

                      The logical id of the resource, as used in the URL for the resource. Once assigned, this value never changes.

                      ShortLogical id of this artifact
                      Comments

                      The only time that a resource does not have an id is when it is being submitted to the server using a create operation.

                      Control0..1
                      Typeid
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Must Supportfalse
                      Summarytrue
                      4. Observation.meta
                      Definition

                      The metadata about the resource. This is content that is maintained by the infrastructure. Changes to the content might not always be associated with version changes to the resource.

                      ShortMetadata about the resource
                      Control1..1
                      TypeMeta
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Must Supportfalse
                      Summarytrue
                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      6. Observation.meta.id
                      Definition

                      Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                      ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                      Control0..1
                      Typeid
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                      Summaryfalse
                      8. Observation.meta.extension
                      Definition

                      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                      ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                      Comments

                      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                      Control0..*
                      TypeExtension
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Summaryfalse
                      Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.meta.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                      • value @ url
                      • 10. Observation.meta.versionId
                        Definition

                        The version specific identifier, as it appears in the version portion of the URL. This value changes when the resource is created, updated, or deleted.

                        ShortVersion specific identifier
                        Comments

                        The server assigns this value, and ignores what the client specifies, except in the case that the server is imposing version integrity on updates/deletes.

                        Control0..1
                        Typeid
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                        Summarytrue
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        12. Observation.meta.lastUpdated
                        Definition

                        When the resource last changed - e.g. when the version changed.

                        ShortWhen the resource version last changed
                        Comments

                        This value is always populated except when the resource is first being created. The server / resource manager sets this value; what a client provides is irrelevant. This is equivalent to the HTTP Last-Modified and SHOULD have the same value on a read interaction.

                        Control0..1
                        Typeinstant
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                        Summarytrue
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        14. Observation.meta.source
                        Definition

                        A uri that identifies the source system of the resource. This provides a minimal amount of Provenance information that can be used to track or differentiate the source of information in the resource. The source may identify another FHIR server, document, message, database, etc.

                        ShortIdentifies where the resource comes from
                        Comments

                        In the provenance resource, this corresponds to Provenance.entity.what[x]. The exact use of the source (and the implied Provenance.entity.role) is left to implementer discretion. Only one nominated source is allowed; for additional provenance details, a full Provenance resource should be used.

                        This element can be used to indicate where the current master source of a resource that has a canonical URL if the resource is no longer hosted at the canonical URL.

                        Control0..1
                        Typeuri
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                        Summarytrue
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        16. Observation.meta.profile
                        Definition

                        A list of profiles (references to StructureDefinition resources) that this resource claims to conform to. The URL is a reference to StructureDefinition.url.

                        ShortProfiles this resource claims to conform to
                        Comments

                        It is up to the server and/or other infrastructure of policy to determine whether/how these claims are verified and/or updated over time. The list of profile URLs is a set.

                        Control0..*
                        Typecanonical(StructureDefinition)
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                        Summarytrue
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        18. Observation.meta.security
                        Definition

                        Security labels applied to this resource. These tags connect specific resources to the overall security policy and infrastructure.

                        ShortSecurity Labels applied to this resource
                        Comments

                        The security labels can be updated without changing the stated version of the resource. The list of security labels is a set. Uniqueness is based the system/code, and version and display are ignored.

                        Control0..*
                        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from All Security Labels
                        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/security-labels)
                        TypeCoding
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Summarytrue
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.meta.security. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                        • value @ system
                        • value @ code
                        • 20. Observation.meta.security:PhdHtest
                          Slice NamePhdHtest
                          Definition

                          Security labels applied to this resource. These tags connect specific resources to the overall security policy and infrastructure.

                          ShortSecurity value set to HTEST when measurement status indicates demo or test data
                          Comments

                          The security labels can be updated without changing the stated version of the resource. The list of security labels is a set. Uniqueness is based the system/code, and version and display are ignored.

                          Control0..1
                          BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from All Security Labels
                          (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/security-labels)
                          TypeCoding
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Summarytrue
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          22. Observation.meta.security:PhdHtest.id
                          Definition

                          Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                          ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                          Control0..1
                          Typeid
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                          Summaryfalse
                          24. Observation.meta.security:PhdHtest.extension
                          Definition

                          May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                          ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                          Comments

                          There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                          Control0..*
                          TypeExtension
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Summaryfalse
                          Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                          SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.meta.security.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                          • value @ url
                          • 26. Observation.meta.security:PhdHtest.system
                            Definition

                            The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

                            ShortIdentity of the terminology system
                            Comments

                            The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

                            Control1..1
                            Typeuri
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                            Summarytrue
                            Requirements

                            Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

                            Fixed Valuehttp://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/v3-ActReason
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            28. Observation.meta.security:PhdHtest.version
                            Definition

                            The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured, and when the meaning is not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged.

                            ShortVersion of the system - if relevant
                            Comments

                            Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format) on which that version was officially published as the version date.

                            NoteThis is a business version Id, not a resource version Id (see discussion)
                            Control0..1
                            Typestring
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                            Summarytrue
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            30. Observation.meta.security:PhdHtest.code
                            Definition

                            A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

                            ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
                            Control1..1
                            Typecode
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                            Summarytrue
                            Requirements

                            Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

                            Fixed ValueHTEST
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            32. Observation.meta.security:PhdHtest.display
                            Definition

                            A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

                            ShortRepresentation defined by the system
                            Control0..1
                            Typestring
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                            Summarytrue
                            Requirements

                            Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            34. Observation.meta.security:PhdHtest.userSelected
                            Definition

                            Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - e.g. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

                            ShortIf this coding was chosen directly by the user
                            Comments

                            Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting point for new translations. There is some ambiguity about what exactly 'directly chosen' implies, and trading partner agreement may be needed to clarify the use of this element and its consequences more completely.

                            Control0..1
                            Typeboolean
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                            Summarytrue
                            Requirements

                            This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            36. Observation.meta.tag
                            Definition

                            Tags applied to this resource. Tags are intended to be used to identify and relate resources to process and workflow, and applications are not required to consider the tags when interpreting the meaning of a resource.

                            ShortTags applied to this resource
                            Comments

                            The tags can be updated without changing the stated version of the resource. The list of tags is a set. Uniqueness is based the system/code, and version and display are ignored.

                            Control0..*
                            BindingFor example codes, see CommonTags
                            (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/common-tags)
                            TypeCoding
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Summarytrue
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            38. Observation.implicitRules
                            Definition

                            A reference to a set of rules that were followed when the resource was constructed, and which must be understood when processing the content. Often, this is a reference to an implementation guide that defines the special rules along with other profiles etc.

                            ShortA set of rules under which this content was created
                            Comments

                            Asserting this rule set restricts the content to be only understood by a limited set of trading partners. This inherently limits the usefulness of the data in the long term. However, the existing health eco-system is highly fractured, and not yet ready to define, collect, and exchange data in a generally computable sense. Wherever possible, implementers and/or specification writers should avoid using this element. Often, when used, the URL is a reference to an implementation guide that defines these special rules as part of it's narrative along with other profiles, value sets, etc.

                            Control0..1
                            Typeuri
                            Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because the implicit rules may provide additional knowledge about the resource that modifies it's meaning or interpretation
                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                            Must Supportfalse
                            Summarytrue
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            40. Observation.language
                            Definition

                            The base language in which the resource is written.

                            ShortLanguage of the resource content
                            Comments

                            Language is provided to support indexing and accessibility (typically, services such as text to speech use the language tag). The html language tag in the narrative applies to the narrative. The language tag on the resource may be used to specify the language of other presentations generated from the data in the resource. Not all the content has to be in the base language. The Resource.language should not be assumed to apply to the narrative automatically. If a language is specified, it should it also be specified on the div element in the html (see rules in HTML5 for information about the relationship between xml:lang and the html lang attribute).

                            Control0..1
                            BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from CommonLanguages
                            (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/languages)

                            IETF language tag

                            Additional BindingsPurpose
                            AllLanguagesMax Binding
                            Typecode
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                            Must Supportfalse
                            Summaryfalse
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            42. Observation.text
                            Definition

                            A human-readable narrative that contains a summary of the resource and can be used to represent the content of the resource to a human. The narrative need not encode all the structured data, but is required to contain sufficient detail to make it "clinically safe" for a human to just read the narrative. Resource definitions may define what content should be represented in the narrative to ensure clinical safety.

                            ShortText summary of the resource, for human interpretation
                            Comments

                            Contained resources do not have narrative. Resources that are not contained SHOULD have a narrative. In some cases, a resource may only have text with little or no additional discrete data (as long as all minOccurs=1 elements are satisfied). This may be necessary for data from legacy systems where information is captured as a "text blob" or where text is additionally entered raw or narrated and encoded information is added later.

                            Control0..1
                            TypeNarrative
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Must Supportfalse
                            Summaryfalse
                            Alternate Namesnarrative, html, xhtml, display
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            44. Observation.contained
                            Definition

                            These resources do not have an independent existence apart from the resource that contains them - they cannot be identified independently, and nor can they have their own independent transaction scope.

                            ShortContained, inline Resources
                            Comments

                            This should never be done when the content can be identified properly, as once identification is lost, it is extremely difficult (and context dependent) to restore it again. Contained resources may have profiles and tags In their meta elements, but SHALL NOT have security labels.

                            Control0..*
                            TypeResource
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Must Supportfalse
                            Summaryfalse
                            Alternate Namesinline resources, anonymous resources, contained resources
                            Invariantsdom-r4b: Containing new R4B resources within R4 resources may cause interoperability issues if instances are shared with R4 systems (($this is Citation or $this is Evidence or $this is EvidenceReport or $this is EvidenceVariable or $this is MedicinalProductDefinition or $this is PackagedProductDefinition or $this is AdministrableProductDefinition or $this is Ingredient or $this is ClinicalUseDefinition or $this is RegulatedAuthorization or $this is SubstanceDefinition or $this is SubscriptionStatus or $this is SubscriptionTopic) implies (%resource is Citation or %resource is Evidence or %resource is EvidenceReport or %resource is EvidenceVariable or %resource is MedicinalProductDefinition or %resource is PackagedProductDefinition or %resource is AdministrableProductDefinition or %resource is Ingredient or %resource is ClinicalUseDefinition or %resource is RegulatedAuthorization or %resource is SubstanceDefinition or %resource is SubscriptionStatus or %resource is SubscriptionTopic))
                            46. Observation.extension
                            Definition

                            An Extension

                            ShortExtension
                            Control0..*
                            TypeExtension
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Must Supportfalse
                            Summaryfalse
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                            SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                            • value @ url
                            • 48. Observation.extension:GatewayDevice
                              Slice NameGatewayDevice
                              Definition

                              To be used when the actual gateway used at the time of the observation, and the referenced device is also specified. The gateway device may be acting as a communication/data collector, translator or controller; This extension is useful when there is more than one gateway device, for example, where there are apps on a phone and each are a device, and more than one app is used to pass on the data to a FHIR Server. In that case you need to be able to say from the observation which specific app was used to act as gateway. Note that the Provenance/AuditEvent resources can represent the same information.

                              ShortGateway Device
                              Control0..1
                              TypeExtension(Observation Gateway Device) (Extension Type: Reference(Device))
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Must Supportfalse
                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                              50. Observation.modifierExtension
                              Definition

                              May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the resource and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                              Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                              ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored
                              Comments

                              There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                              Control0..*
                              TypeExtension
                              Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the resource that contains them
                              Must Supportfalse
                              Summaryfalse
                              Requirements

                              Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                              Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                              52. Observation.identifier
                              Definition

                              A unique identifier assigned to this observation.

                              ShortBusiness Identifier for observation
                              NoteThis is a business identifier, not a resource identifier (see discussion)
                              Control0..*
                              TypeIdentifier
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Must Supportfalse
                              Summarytrue
                              Requirements

                              Allows observations to be distinguished and referenced.

                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.identifier. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                              • exists @ value
                              • exists @ system
                              • exists @ type
                              • 54. Observation.identifier:conditionalCreate
                                Slice NameconditionalCreate
                                Definition

                                An identifier created from a combination of the measurement parameters like sensor time stamp, type code, unit code, patient and device identifiers, and selected elements of any component elements.

                                ShortUnique identifier of this measurement for a given patient and device
                                Comments

                                This value is used in the conditional create to prevent data duplication. PHDs will often re-send already sent data for a variety of reasons. This element is required unless the metric measurement contains no time stamp or is a measurement containing a time stamp that is real time. By real time the time stamp reported by the PHD must be later than the current time reported by the PHD before any measurements are received. There might be other means to ascertain whether the data is real time. Temporarily stored data from IEEE 11073-10206 compliant devices, which are required to be deleted the data after sending, can be considered real time. An example of this are temporarily stored observation from a device implementing the Bluetooth SIG GHS profile or implementing another Bluetooth SIG medical sensor device profile.

                                NoteThis is a business identifier, not a resource identifier (see discussion)
                                Control0..1
                                TypeIdentifier
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                Must Supportfalse
                                Summarytrue
                                Requirements

                                Allows observations to be distinguished in a selective enough manner to prevent resource duplication.

                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                56. Observation.identifier:conditionalCreate.id
                                Definition

                                Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                Control0..1
                                Typeid
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                Summaryfalse
                                58. Observation.identifier:conditionalCreate.extension
                                Definition

                                May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                Comments

                                There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                Control0..*
                                TypeExtension
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                Summaryfalse
                                Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.identifier.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                • value @ url
                                • 60. Observation.identifier:conditionalCreate.use
                                  Definition

                                  The purpose of this identifier.

                                  Shortusual | official | temp | secondary | old (If known)
                                  Comments

                                  Applications can assume that an identifier is permanent unless it explicitly says that it is temporary.

                                  Control0..1
                                  BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from IdentifierUse
                                  (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/identifier-use|4.3.0)
                                  Typecode
                                  Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because applications should not mistake a temporary id for a permanent one.
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  Allows the appropriate identifier for a particular context of use to be selected from among a set of identifiers.

                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  62. Observation.identifier:conditionalCreate.type
                                  Definition

                                  A coded type for the identifier that can be used to determine which identifier to use for a specific purpose.

                                  ShortDescription of identifier
                                  Comments

                                  This element deals only with general categories of identifiers. It SHOULD not be used for codes that correspond 1..1 with the Identifier.system. Some identifiers may fall into multiple categories due to common usage. Where the system is known, a type is unnecessary because the type is always part of the system definition. However systems often need to handle identifiers where the system is not known. There is not a 1:1 relationship between type and system, since many different systems have the same type.

                                  Control0..0
                                  BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from Identifier Type Codes
                                  (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/identifier-type)
                                  TypeCodeableConcept
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  Allows users to make use of identifiers when the identifier system is not known.

                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  64. Observation.identifier:conditionalCreate.system
                                  Definition

                                  Establishes the namespace for the value - that is, a URL that describes a set values that are unique.

                                  ShortThe namespace for the identifier value
                                  Comments

                                  Identifier.system is always case sensitive.

                                  Control0..0
                                  Typeuri
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  There are many sets of identifiers. To perform matching of two identifiers, we need to know what set we're dealing with. The system identifies a particular set of unique identifiers.

                                  Example<br/><b>General</b>:http://www.acme.com/identifiers/patient
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  66. Observation.identifier:conditionalCreate.value
                                  Definition

                                  The portion of the identifier typically relevant to the user and which is unique within the context of the system.

                                  ShortThe value that is unique
                                  Comments

                                  If the value is a full URI, then the system SHALL be urn:ietf:rfc:3986. The value's primary purpose is computational mapping. As a result, it may be normalized for comparison purposes (e.g. removing non-significant whitespace, dashes, etc.) A value formatted for human display can be conveyed using the Rendered Value extension. Identifier.value is to be treated as case sensitive unless knowledge of the Identifier.system allows the processer to be confident that non-case-sensitive processing is safe.

                                  Control1..1
                                  Typestring
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Example<br/><b>General</b>:123456
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  68. Observation.identifier:conditionalCreate.period
                                  Definition

                                  Time period during which identifier is/was valid for use.

                                  ShortTime period when id is/was valid for use
                                  Control0..1
                                  TypePeriod
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  70. Observation.identifier:conditionalCreate.assigner
                                  Definition

                                  Organization that issued/manages the identifier.

                                  ShortOrganization that issued id (may be just text)
                                  Comments

                                  The Identifier.assigner may omit the .reference element and only contain a .display element reflecting the name or other textual information about the assigning organization.

                                  Control0..1
                                  TypeReference(Organization)
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  72. Observation.basedOn
                                  Definition

                                  A plan, proposal or order that is fulfilled in whole or in part by this event. For example, a MedicationRequest may require a patient to have laboratory test performed before it is dispensed.

                                  ShortFulfills plan, proposal or order
                                  Control0..*
                                  TypeReference(CarePlan, DeviceRequest, ImmunizationRecommendation, MedicationRequest, NutritionOrder, ServiceRequest)
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Must Supportfalse
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  Allows tracing of authorization for the event and tracking whether proposals/recommendations were acted upon.

                                  Alternate NamesFulfills
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  74. Observation.partOf
                                  Definition

                                  A larger event of which this particular Observation is a component or step. For example, an observation as part of a procedure.

                                  ShortPart of referenced event
                                  Comments

                                  To link an Observation to an Encounter use encounter. See the Notes below for guidance on referencing another Observation.

                                  Control0..*
                                  TypeReference(MedicationAdministration, MedicationDispense, MedicationStatement, Procedure, Immunization, ImagingStudy)
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Must Supportfalse
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Alternate NamesContainer
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  76. Observation.status
                                  Definition

                                  The status of the result value. Either 'final' or 'preliminary'

                                  Shortregistered | preliminary | final | amended +
                                  Comments

                                  The value shall be set to 'final' unless a Measurement-Status attribute or Nu-Observed-Value attribute status field indicates that the measurement is preliminary. In that case this field shall be set to 'preliminary'

                                  Control1..1
                                  BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from ObservationStatus
                                  (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.3.0)

                                  Codes providing the status of an observation.

                                  Typecode
                                  Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because it is a status element that contains status entered-in-error which means that the resource should not be treated as valid
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Must Supportfalse
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  Need to track the status of individual results. Some results are finalized before the whole report is finalized.

                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  78. Observation.category
                                  Definition

                                  A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

                                  ShortClassification of type of observation
                                  Comments

                                  In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

                                  Control1..*
                                  BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodes
                                  (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category)

                                  Codes for high level observation categories.

                                  TypeCodeableConcept
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Must Supportfalse
                                  Summaryfalse
                                  Requirements

                                  Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.category. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                  • value @ coding.code
                                  • value @ coding.system
                                  • 80. Observation.category:PHD-Observation
                                    Slice NamePHD-Observation
                                    Definition

                                    A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

                                    ShortClassification of type of observation
                                    Comments

                                    The category enables identifying observations generated by PHDs.

                                    Control1..1
                                    BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodes
                                    (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category)

                                    Codes for high level observation categories.

                                    TypeCodeableConcept
                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                    Must Supportfalse
                                    Summaryfalse
                                    Requirements

                                    Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                    82. Observation.category:PHD-Observation.id
                                    Definition

                                    Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                    ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                    Control0..1
                                    Typeid
                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                    XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                    Summaryfalse
                                    84. Observation.category:PHD-Observation.extension
                                    Definition

                                    May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                    ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                    Comments

                                    There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                    Control0..*
                                    TypeExtension
                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                    Summaryfalse
                                    Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.category.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                    • value @ url
                                    • 86. Observation.category:PHD-Observation.coding
                                      Definition

                                      A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                                      ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                                      Comments

                                      Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                                      Control1..*
                                      TypeCoding
                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                      Summarytrue
                                      Requirements

                                      Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                      88. Observation.category:PHD-Observation.coding.id
                                      Definition

                                      Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                      ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                      Control0..1
                                      Typeid
                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                      XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                      Summaryfalse
                                      90. Observation.category:PHD-Observation.coding.extension
                                      Definition

                                      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                      ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                      Comments

                                      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                      Control0..*
                                      TypeExtension
                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                      Summaryfalse
                                      Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.category.coding.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                      • value @ url
                                      • 92. Observation.category:PHD-Observation.coding.system
                                        Definition

                                        The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

                                        ShortIdentity of the terminology system
                                        Comments

                                        The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

                                        Control1..1
                                        Typeuri
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

                                        Fixed Valuehttp://hl7.org/fhir/uv/phd/CodeSystem/PhdObservationCategories
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        94. Observation.category:PHD-Observation.coding.version
                                        Definition

                                        The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured, and when the meaning is not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged.

                                        ShortVersion of the system - if relevant
                                        Comments

                                        Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format) on which that version was officially published as the version date.

                                        NoteThis is a business version Id, not a resource version Id (see discussion)
                                        Control0..1
                                        Typestring
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        96. Observation.category:PHD-Observation.coding.code
                                        Definition

                                        A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

                                        ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
                                        Control1..1
                                        Typecode
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

                                        Fixed Valuephd-observation
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        98. Observation.category:PHD-Observation.coding.display
                                        Definition

                                        A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

                                        ShortRepresentation defined by the system
                                        Control0..1
                                        Typestring
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        100. Observation.category:PHD-Observation.coding.userSelected
                                        Definition

                                        Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - e.g. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

                                        ShortIf this coding was chosen directly by the user
                                        Comments

                                        Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting point for new translations. There is some ambiguity about what exactly 'directly chosen' implies, and trading partner agreement may be needed to clarify the use of this element and its consequences more completely.

                                        Control0..1
                                        Typeboolean
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        102. Observation.category:PHD-Observation.text
                                        Definition

                                        A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

                                        ShortPlain text representation of the concept
                                        Comments

                                        Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

                                        Control0..1
                                        Typestring
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        104. Observation.code
                                        Definition

                                        Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "name".

                                        ShortType of observation (code / type)
                                        Comments

                                        All code-value and, if present, component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

                                        Control1..1
                                        BindingFor example codes, see LOINCCodes
                                        (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes)

                                        Codes identifying names of simple observations.

                                        TypeCodeableConcept
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Must Supportfalse
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

                                        Alternate NamesName
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        106. Observation.code.id
                                        Definition

                                        Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                        ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                        Control0..1
                                        Typeid
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        108. Observation.code.extension
                                        Definition

                                        May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                        ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                        Comments

                                        There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                        Control0..*
                                        TypeExtension
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                        SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.code.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                        • value @ url
                                        • 110. Observation.code.coding
                                          Definition

                                          A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                                          ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                                          Comments

                                          Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                                          Control1..*
                                          TypeCoding
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Summarytrue
                                          Requirements

                                          Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.code.coding. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                          • value @ system
                                          • 112. Observation.code.coding:MDCType
                                            Slice NameMDCType
                                            Definition

                                            This MDC code expresses what the measurement is.

                                            ShortThe 11073-10101 MDC code for the measurement
                                            Comments

                                            The value for the code can be obtained from the IEEE 11073-10206 Observation.type attribute.

                                            Control1..1
                                            TypeCoding
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summarytrue
                                            Requirements

                                            Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            114. Observation.code.coding:MDCType.id
                                            Definition

                                            Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                            ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                            Control0..1
                                            Typeid
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            116. Observation.code.coding:MDCType.extension
                                            Definition

                                            May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                            ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                            Comments

                                            There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                            Control0..*
                                            TypeExtension
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                            SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.code.coding.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                            • value @ url
                                            • 118. Observation.code.coding:MDCType.system
                                              Definition

                                              The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

                                              ShortIdentity of the terminology system
                                              Comments

                                              The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

                                              Control1..1
                                              Typeuri
                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                              Summarytrue
                                              Requirements

                                              Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

                                              Fixed Valueurn:iso:std:iso:11073:10101
                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                              120. Observation.code.coding:MDCType.version
                                              Definition

                                              The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured, and when the meaning is not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged.

                                              ShortVersion of the system - if relevant
                                              Comments

                                              Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format) on which that version was officially published as the version date.

                                              NoteThis is a business version Id, not a resource version Id (see discussion)
                                              Control0..1
                                              Typestring
                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                              Summarytrue
                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                              122. Observation.code.coding:MDCType.code
                                              Definition

                                              A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

                                              ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
                                              Comments

                                              Required for all measurements

                                              Control1..1
                                              Typecode
                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                              Summarytrue
                                              Requirements

                                              Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                              124. Observation.code.coding:MDCType.display
                                              Definition

                                              A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

                                              ShortRepresentation defined by the system
                                              Control0..1
                                              Typestring
                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                              Summarytrue
                                              Requirements

                                              Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                              126. Observation.code.coding:MDCType.userSelected
                                              Definition

                                              Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - e.g. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

                                              ShortIf this coding was chosen directly by the user
                                              Comments

                                              Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting point for new translations. There is some ambiguity about what exactly 'directly chosen' implies, and trading partner agreement may be needed to clarify the use of this element and its consequences more completely.

                                              Control0..1
                                              Typeboolean
                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                              Summarytrue
                                              Requirements

                                              This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                              128. Observation.code.coding:LoincCoding
                                              Slice NameLoincCoding
                                              Definition

                                              This LOINC code expresses what the measurement is

                                              ShortThe LOINC code for the measurement
                                              Comments

                                              If the observation is one of the FHIR-defined vital signs observation, the equivalent LOINC code for that vital sign as specified by FHIR appears here.

                                              Control0..1
                                              TypeCoding
                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                              Summarytrue
                                              Requirements

                                              Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                              130. Observation.code.coding:LoincCoding.id
                                              Definition

                                              Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                              ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                              Control0..1
                                              Typeid
                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                              XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                              Summaryfalse
                                              132. Observation.code.coding:LoincCoding.extension
                                              Definition

                                              May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                              ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                              Comments

                                              There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                              Control0..*
                                              TypeExtension
                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                              Summaryfalse
                                              Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                              ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                              SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.code.coding.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                              • value @ url
                                              • 134. Observation.code.coding:LoincCoding.system
                                                Definition

                                                The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

                                                ShortIdentity of the terminology system
                                                Comments

                                                The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

                                                Control1..1
                                                Typeuri
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                Summarytrue
                                                Requirements

                                                Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

                                                Fixed Valuehttp://loinc.org
                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                136. Observation.code.coding:LoincCoding.version
                                                Definition

                                                The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured, and when the meaning is not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged.

                                                ShortVersion of the system - if relevant
                                                Comments

                                                Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format) on which that version was officially published as the version date.

                                                NoteThis is a business version Id, not a resource version Id (see discussion)
                                                Control0..1
                                                Typestring
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                Summarytrue
                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                138. Observation.code.coding:LoincCoding.code
                                                Definition

                                                A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

                                                ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
                                                Comments

                                                Required if the measurement is a vital sign

                                                Control1..1
                                                Typecode
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                Summarytrue
                                                Requirements

                                                Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                140. Observation.code.coding:LoincCoding.display
                                                Definition

                                                A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

                                                ShortRepresentation defined by the system
                                                Control0..1
                                                Typestring
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                Summarytrue
                                                Requirements

                                                Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                142. Observation.code.coding:LoincCoding.userSelected
                                                Definition

                                                Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - e.g. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

                                                ShortIf this coding was chosen directly by the user
                                                Comments

                                                Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting point for new translations. There is some ambiguity about what exactly 'directly chosen' implies, and trading partner agreement may be needed to clarify the use of this element and its consequences more completely.

                                                Control0..1
                                                Typeboolean
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                Summarytrue
                                                Requirements

                                                This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                144. Observation.code.text
                                                Definition

                                                A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

                                                ShortIt is recommended to display at least the reference identifier for the MDC code
                                                Comments

                                                Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

                                                Control0..1
                                                Typestring
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                Summarytrue
                                                Requirements

                                                The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                146. Observation.subject
                                                Definition

                                                The patient, or group of patients, location, or device this observation is about and into whose record the observation is placed. If the actual focus of the observation is different from the subject (or a sample of, part, or region of the subject), the focus element or the code itself specifies the actual focus of the observation.

                                                ShortWho and/or what the observation is about
                                                Comments

                                                One would expect this element to be a cardinality of 1..1. The only circumstance in which the subject can be missing is when the observation is made by a device that does not know the patient. In this case, the observation SHALL be matched to a patient through some context/channel matching technique, and at this point, the observation should be updated.

                                                Control1..1
                                                TypeReference(Patient, Group, Device, Location, Organization, Procedure, Practitioner, Medication, Substance)
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                Must Supportfalse
                                                Summarytrue
                                                Requirements

                                                Observations have no value if you don't know who or what they're about.

                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                148. Observation.subject.id
                                                Definition

                                                Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                Control0..1
                                                Typeid
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                Summaryfalse
                                                150. Observation.subject.extension
                                                Definition

                                                May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                Comments

                                                There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                Control0..*
                                                TypeExtension
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                Summaryfalse
                                                Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.subject.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                • value @ url
                                                • 152. Observation.subject.reference
                                                  Definition

                                                  A reference to a location at which the other resource is found. The reference may be a relative reference, in which case it is relative to the service base URL, or an absolute URL that resolves to the location where the resource is found. The reference may be version specific or not. If the reference is not to a FHIR RESTful server, then it should be assumed to be version specific. Internal fragment references (start with '#') refer to contained resources.

                                                  ShortLiteral reference, Relative, internal or absolute URL
                                                  Comments

                                                  Using absolute URLs provides a stable scalable approach suitable for a cloud/web context, while using relative/logical references provides a flexible approach suitable for use when trading across closed eco-system boundaries. Absolute URLs do not need to point to a FHIR RESTful server, though this is the preferred approach. If the URL conforms to the structure "/[type]/[id]" then it should be assumed that the reference is to a FHIR RESTful server.

                                                  Control1..1
                                                  This element is affected by the following invariants: ref-1
                                                  Typestring
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  154. Observation.subject.type
                                                  Definition

                                                  The expected type of the target of the reference. If both Reference.type and Reference.reference are populated and Reference.reference is a FHIR URL, both SHALL be consistent.

                                                  The type is the Canonical URL of Resource Definition that is the type this reference refers to. References are URLs that are relative to http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/ e.g. "Patient" is a reference to http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Patient. Absolute URLs are only allowed for logical models (and can only be used in references in logical models, not resources).

                                                  ShortType the reference refers to (e.g. "Patient")
                                                  Comments

                                                  This element is used to indicate the type of the target of the reference. This may be used which ever of the other elements are populated (or not). In some cases, the type of the target may be determined by inspection of the reference (e.g. a RESTful URL) or by resolving the target of the reference; if both the type and a reference is provided, the reference SHALL resolve to a resource of the same type as that specified.

                                                  Control0..1
                                                  BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ResourceType
                                                  (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/resource-types)
                                                  Typeuri
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  156. Observation.subject.identifier
                                                  Definition

                                                  An identifier for the target resource. This is used when there is no way to reference the other resource directly, either because the entity it represents is not available through a FHIR server, or because there is no way for the author of the resource to convert a known identifier to an actual location. There is no requirement that a Reference.identifier point to something that is actually exposed as a FHIR instance, but it SHALL point to a business concept that would be expected to be exposed as a FHIR instance, and that instance would need to be of a FHIR resource type allowed by the reference.

                                                  ShortLogical reference, when literal reference is not known
                                                  Comments

                                                  When an identifier is provided in place of a reference, any system processing the reference will only be able to resolve the identifier to a reference if it understands the business context in which the identifier is used. Sometimes this is global (e.g. a national identifier) but often it is not. For this reason, none of the useful mechanisms described for working with references (e.g. chaining, includes) are possible, nor should servers be expected to be able resolve the reference. Servers may accept an identifier based reference untouched, resolve it, and/or reject it - see CapabilityStatement.rest.resource.referencePolicy.

                                                  When both an identifier and a literal reference are provided, the literal reference is preferred. Applications processing the resource are allowed - but not required - to check that the identifier matches the literal reference

                                                  Applications converting a logical reference to a literal reference may choose to leave the logical reference present, or remove it.

                                                  Reference is intended to point to a structure that can potentially be expressed as a FHIR resource, though there is no need for it to exist as an actual FHIR resource instance - except in as much as an application wishes to actual find the target of the reference. The content referred to be the identifier must meet the logical constraints implied by any limitations on what resource types are permitted for the reference. For example, it would not be legitimate to send the identifier for a drug prescription if the type were Reference(Observation|DiagnosticReport). One of the use-cases for Reference.identifier is the situation where no FHIR representation exists (where the type is Reference (Any).

                                                  NoteThis is a business identifier, not a resource identifier (see discussion)
                                                  Control0..1
                                                  TypeIdentifier
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  158. Observation.subject.display
                                                  Definition

                                                  Plain text narrative that identifies the resource in addition to the resource reference.

                                                  ShortText alternative for the resource
                                                  Comments

                                                  This is generally not the same as the Resource.text of the referenced resource. The purpose is to identify what's being referenced, not to fully describe it.

                                                  Control0..1
                                                  Typestring
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  160. Observation.focus
                                                  Definition

                                                  The actual focus of an observation when it is not the patient of record representing something or someone associated with the patient such as a spouse, parent, fetus, or donor. For example, fetus observations in a mother's record. The focus of an observation could also be an existing condition, an intervention, the subject's diet, another observation of the subject, or a body structure such as tumor or implanted device. An example use case would be using the Observation resource to capture whether the mother is trained to change her child's tracheostomy tube. In this example, the child is the patient of record and the mother is the focus.

                                                  ShortWhat the observation is about, when it is not about the subject of record
                                                  Comments

                                                  Typically, an observation is made about the subject - a patient, or group of patients, location, or device - and the distinction between the subject and what is directly measured for an observation is specified in the observation code itself ( e.g., "Blood Glucose") and does not need to be represented separately using this element. Use specimen if a reference to a specimen is required. If a code is required instead of a resource use either bodysite for bodysites or the standard extension focusCode.

                                                  Control0..*
                                                  TypeReference(Resource)
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Must Supportfalse
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  162. Observation.encounter
                                                  Definition

                                                  The healthcare event (e.g. a patient and healthcare provider interaction) during which this observation is made.

                                                  ShortHealthcare event during which this observation is made
                                                  Comments

                                                  This will typically be the encounter the event occurred within, but some events may be initiated prior to or after the official completion of an encounter but still be tied to the context of the encounter (e.g. pre-admission laboratory tests).

                                                  Control0..1
                                                  TypeReference(Encounter)
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Must Supportfalse
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Requirements

                                                  For some observations it may be important to know the link between an observation and a particular encounter.

                                                  Alternate NamesContext
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  164. Observation.effective[x]
                                                  Definition

                                                  The time or time-period the observed value is asserted as being true. It is a time period if a Measure-Active-Period (duration) attribute is part of the metric measurement sent by the PHD. Otherwise it is the time stamp sent by the PHD or the time of reception by the PHG if the PHD sent no time stamp.

                                                  ShortClinically relevant time/time-period for observation
                                                  Comments

                                                  At least a date should be present unless this observation is a historical report. For recording imprecise or "fuzzy" times (For example, a blood glucose measurement taken "after breakfast") use the Timing datatype which allow the measurement to be tied to regular life events.

                                                  Control1..1
                                                  TypeChoice of: dateTime, Period
                                                  [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                  Must Supportfalse
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Requirements

                                                  Knowing when an observation was deemed true is important to its relevance as well as determining trends.

                                                  Alternate NamesOccurrence
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  166. Observation.issued
                                                  Definition

                                                  The date and time this version of the observation was made available to providers, typically after the results have been reviewed and verified.

                                                  ShortDate/Time this version was made available
                                                  Comments

                                                  For Observations that don’t require review and verification, it may be the same as the lastUpdated time of the resource itself. For Observations that do require review and verification for certain updates, it might not be the same as the lastUpdated time of the resource itself due to a non-clinically significant update that doesn’t require the new version to be reviewed and verified again.

                                                  Control0..1
                                                  Typeinstant
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                  Must Supportfalse
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  168. Observation.performer
                                                  Definition

                                                  Who was responsible for asserting the observed value as "true".

                                                  ShortWho is responsible for the observation
                                                  Control0..*
                                                  TypeReference(Practitioner, PractitionerRole, Organization, CareTeam, Patient, RelatedPerson)
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Must Supportfalse
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Requirements

                                                  May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up questions should be directed.

                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  170. Observation.value[x]
                                                  Definition

                                                  The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                                                  ShortHuman readable text string
                                                  Comments

                                                  An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                                  Control1..1
                                                  This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
                                                  Typestring
                                                  [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                  Must Supportfalse
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Requirements

                                                  An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  172. Observation.dataAbsentReason
                                                  Definition

                                                  Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.valueString is missing.

                                                  ShortPopulated when the Measurement-Status or an Enum-Observed-Value status indicates invalid, not unavailable, or msmt ongoing
                                                  Comments

                                                  Only the Measurement-Status/status flags indicating invalid, not unavailable, or msmt ongoing will generate this element and cause the value[x] to be absent. The remaining settings of the status values are reported in the meta.security element or interpretation element.

                                                  Control0..1
                                                  This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6
                                                  BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReason
                                                  (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason)

                                                  Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

                                                  TypeCodeableConcept
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Must Supportfalse
                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                  Requirements

                                                  For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  174. Observation.dataAbsentReason.id
                                                  Definition

                                                  Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                  ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                  Control0..1
                                                  Typeid
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                  176. Observation.dataAbsentReason.extension
                                                  Definition

                                                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                  ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                  Comments

                                                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                  Control0..*
                                                  TypeExtension
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                  SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.dataAbsentReason.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                  • value @ url
                                                  • 178. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding
                                                    Definition

                                                    A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                                                    ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                                                    Comments

                                                    Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                                                    Control1..*
                                                    TypeCoding
                                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                                    Summarytrue
                                                    Requirements

                                                    Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                    • value @ system
                                                    • 180. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding:FhirDefault
                                                      Slice NameFhirDefault
                                                      Definition

                                                      A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                                                      ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                                                      Comments

                                                      Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                                                      Control1..1
                                                      TypeCoding
                                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                                      Summarytrue
                                                      Requirements

                                                      Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                      182. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding:FhirDefault.id
                                                      Definition

                                                      Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                      ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                      Control0..1
                                                      Typeid
                                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                                      XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                      Summaryfalse
                                                      184. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding:FhirDefault.extension
                                                      Definition

                                                      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                      ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                      Comments

                                                      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                      Control0..*
                                                      TypeExtension
                                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                                      Summaryfalse
                                                      Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                      • value @ url
                                                      • 186. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding:FhirDefault.system
                                                        Definition

                                                        The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

                                                        ShortIdentity of the terminology system
                                                        Comments

                                                        The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

                                                        Control1..1
                                                        Typeuri
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                        Summarytrue
                                                        Requirements

                                                        Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

                                                        Fixed Valuehttp://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/data-absent-reason
                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                        188. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding:FhirDefault.version
                                                        Definition

                                                        The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured, and when the meaning is not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged.

                                                        ShortVersion of the system - if relevant
                                                        Comments

                                                        Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format) on which that version was officially published as the version date.

                                                        NoteThis is a business version Id, not a resource version Id (see discussion)
                                                        Control0..1
                                                        Typestring
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                        Summarytrue
                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                        190. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding:FhirDefault.code
                                                        Definition

                                                        A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

                                                        ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
                                                        Control1..1
                                                        Typecode
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                        Summarytrue
                                                        Requirements

                                                        Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                        192. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding:FhirDefault.display
                                                        Definition

                                                        A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

                                                        ShortRepresentation defined by the system
                                                        Control0..1
                                                        Typestring
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                        Summarytrue
                                                        Requirements

                                                        Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                        194. Observation.dataAbsentReason.coding:FhirDefault.userSelected
                                                        Definition

                                                        Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - e.g. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

                                                        ShortIf this coding was chosen directly by the user
                                                        Comments

                                                        Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting point for new translations. There is some ambiguity about what exactly 'directly chosen' implies, and trading partner agreement may be needed to clarify the use of this element and its consequences more completely.

                                                        Control0..1
                                                        Typeboolean
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                        Summarytrue
                                                        Requirements

                                                        This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                        196. Observation.dataAbsentReason.text
                                                        Definition

                                                        A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

                                                        ShortPlain text representation of the concept
                                                        Comments

                                                        Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

                                                        Control0..1
                                                        Typestring
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                        Summarytrue
                                                        Requirements

                                                        The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                        198. Observation.interpretation
                                                        Definition

                                                        A categorical assessment of an observation value. For example, high, low, normal.

                                                        ShortHigh, low, normal, etc.
                                                        Comments

                                                        Historically used for laboratory results (known as 'abnormal flag' ), its use extends to other use cases where coded interpretations are relevant. Often reported as one or more simple compact codes this element is often placed adjacent to the result value in reports and flow sheets to signal the meaning/normalcy status of the result.

                                                        Control0..*
                                                        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ObservationInterpretationCodes
                                                        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation)

                                                        Codes identifying interpretations of observations.

                                                        TypeCodeableConcept
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        Must Supportfalse
                                                        Summaryfalse
                                                        Requirements

                                                        For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

                                                        Alternate NamesAbnormal Flag
                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                        200. Observation.interpretation.id
                                                        Definition

                                                        Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                        ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                        Control0..1
                                                        Typeid
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                        Summaryfalse
                                                        202. Observation.interpretation.extension
                                                        Definition

                                                        May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                        ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                        Comments

                                                        There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                        Control0..*
                                                        TypeExtension
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        Summaryfalse
                                                        Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                        ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                        SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.interpretation.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                        • value @ url
                                                        • 204. Observation.interpretation.coding
                                                          Definition

                                                          A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                                                          ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                                                          Comments

                                                          Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                                                          Control1..*
                                                          TypeCoding
                                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                                          Summarytrue
                                                          Requirements

                                                          Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                          SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.interpretation.coding. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                          • value @ system
                                                          • 206. Observation.interpretation.coding:MsmtStatusInterpretation
                                                            Slice NameMsmtStatusInterpretation
                                                            Definition

                                                            A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                                                            ShortMeasurement status interpretation when questionable, calibration-ongoing, validated, early-indication, threshold exceeded, alarm inhibited
                                                            Comments

                                                            Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                                                            Control1..1
                                                            TypeCoding
                                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                                            Summarytrue
                                                            Requirements

                                                            Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                            208. Observation.interpretation.coding:MsmtStatusInterpretation.id
                                                            Definition

                                                            Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                            ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                            Control0..1
                                                            Typeid
                                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                                            XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                            Summaryfalse
                                                            210. Observation.interpretation.coding:MsmtStatusInterpretation.extension
                                                            Definition

                                                            May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                            ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                            Comments

                                                            There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                            Control0..*
                                                            TypeExtension
                                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                                            Summaryfalse
                                                            Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                            SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.interpretation.coding.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                            • value @ url
                                                            • 212. Observation.interpretation.coding:MsmtStatusInterpretation.system
                                                              Definition

                                                              The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

                                                              ShortIdentity of the terminology system
                                                              Comments

                                                              The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

                                                              Control1..1
                                                              Typeuri
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                              Summarytrue
                                                              Requirements

                                                              Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

                                                              Fixed Valuehttp://hl7.org/fhir/uv/pocd/CodeSystem/measurement-status
                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                              214. Observation.interpretation.coding:MsmtStatusInterpretation.version
                                                              Definition

                                                              The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured, and when the meaning is not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged.

                                                              ShortVersion of the system - if relevant
                                                              Comments

                                                              Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format) on which that version was officially published as the version date.

                                                              NoteThis is a business version Id, not a resource version Id (see discussion)
                                                              Control0..1
                                                              Typestring
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                              Summarytrue
                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                              216. Observation.interpretation.coding:MsmtStatusInterpretation.code
                                                              Definition

                                                              A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

                                                              ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
                                                              Control1..1
                                                              Typecode
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                              Summarytrue
                                                              Requirements

                                                              Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                              218. Observation.interpretation.coding:MsmtStatusInterpretation.display
                                                              Definition

                                                              A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

                                                              ShortRepresentation defined by the system
                                                              Control0..1
                                                              Typestring
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                              Summarytrue
                                                              Requirements

                                                              Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                              220. Observation.interpretation.coding:MsmtStatusInterpretation.userSelected
                                                              Definition

                                                              Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - e.g. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

                                                              ShortIf this coding was chosen directly by the user
                                                              Comments

                                                              Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting point for new translations. There is some ambiguity about what exactly 'directly chosen' implies, and trading partner agreement may be needed to clarify the use of this element and its consequences more completely.

                                                              Control0..1
                                                              Typeboolean
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                              Summarytrue
                                                              Requirements

                                                              This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                              222. Observation.interpretation.text
                                                              Definition

                                                              A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

                                                              ShortPlain text representation of the concept
                                                              Comments

                                                              Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

                                                              Control0..1
                                                              Typestring
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                              Summarytrue
                                                              Requirements

                                                              The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                              224. Observation.note
                                                              Definition

                                                              Comments about the observation or the results.

                                                              ShortComments about the observation
                                                              Comments

                                                              May include general statements about the observation, or statements about significant, unexpected or unreliable results values, or information about its source when relevant to its interpretation.

                                                              Control0..*
                                                              TypeAnnotation
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              Must Supportfalse
                                                              Summaryfalse
                                                              Requirements

                                                              Need to be able to provide free text additional information.

                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                              226. Observation.bodySite
                                                              Definition

                                                              Indicates the site on the subject's body where the observation was made (i.e. the target site).

                                                              ShortObserved body part
                                                              Comments

                                                              Only used if not implicit in code found in Observation.code. In many systems, this may be represented as a related observation instead of an inline component.

                                                              If the use case requires BodySite to be handled as a separate resource (e.g. to identify and track separately) then use the standard extension bodySite.

                                                              Control0..1
                                                              BindingFor example codes, see SNOMEDCTBodyStructures
                                                              (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/body-site)

                                                              SNOMED CT Body site concepts

                                                              TypeCodeableConcept
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              Must Supportfalse
                                                              Summaryfalse
                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                              228. Observation.method
                                                              Definition

                                                              Indicates the mechanism used to perform the observation.

                                                              ShortHow it was done
                                                              Comments

                                                              Only used if not implicit in code for Observation.code.

                                                              Control0..1
                                                              BindingFor example codes, see ObservationMethods
                                                              (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-methods)

                                                              Methods for simple observations.

                                                              TypeCodeableConcept
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              Must Supportfalse
                                                              Summaryfalse
                                                              Requirements

                                                              In some cases, method can impact results and is thus used for determining whether results can be compared or determining significance of results.

                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                              230. Observation.specimen
                                                              Definition

                                                              The specimen that was used when this observation was made.

                                                              ShortSpecimen used for this observation
                                                              Comments

                                                              Should only be used if not implicit in code found in Observation.code. Observations are not made on specimens themselves; they are made on a subject, but in many cases by the means of a specimen. Note that although specimens are often involved, they are not always tracked and reported explicitly. Also note that observation resources may be used in contexts that track the specimen explicitly (e.g. Diagnostic Report).

                                                              Control0..1
                                                              TypeReference(Specimen)
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              Must Supportfalse
                                                              Summaryfalse
                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                              232. Observation.device
                                                              Definition

                                                              The device used to generate the observation data.

                                                              Short(Measurement) Device
                                                              Comments

                                                              This field will reference the PHD Device.

                                                              Control1..1
                                                              TypeReference(Device, DeviceMetric)
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              Must Supportfalse
                                                              Summaryfalse
                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                              234. Observation.device.id
                                                              Definition

                                                              Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                              ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                              Control0..1
                                                              Typeid
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                              Summaryfalse
                                                              236. Observation.device.extension
                                                              Definition

                                                              May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                              ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                              Comments

                                                              There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                              Control0..*
                                                              TypeExtension
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              Summaryfalse
                                                              Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                              ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                              SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.device.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                              • value @ url
                                                              • 238. Observation.device.reference
                                                                Definition

                                                                Reference to the device-related resources that describe the sensor device taking the measurement. This element will point to a Device resource following the Phd Device Profile.

                                                                ShortReference to the device responsible for the measurement
                                                                Comments

                                                                This reference points to the Device resource containing information about the sensor device that took the measurement.

                                                                Control1..1
                                                                This element is affected by the following invariants: ref-1
                                                                Typestring
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                240. Observation.device.type
                                                                Definition

                                                                The expected type of the target of the reference. If both Reference.type and Reference.reference are populated and Reference.reference is a FHIR URL, both SHALL be consistent.

                                                                The type is the Canonical URL of Resource Definition that is the type this reference refers to. References are URLs that are relative to http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/ e.g. "Patient" is a reference to http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Patient. Absolute URLs are only allowed for logical models (and can only be used in references in logical models, not resources).

                                                                ShortType the reference refers to (e.g. "Patient")
                                                                Comments

                                                                This element is used to indicate the type of the target of the reference. This may be used which ever of the other elements are populated (or not). In some cases, the type of the target may be determined by inspection of the reference (e.g. a RESTful URL) or by resolving the target of the reference; if both the type and a reference is provided, the reference SHALL resolve to a resource of the same type as that specified.

                                                                Control0..1
                                                                BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ResourceType
                                                                (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/resource-types)
                                                                Typeuri
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                242. Observation.device.identifier
                                                                Definition

                                                                An identifier for the target resource. This is used when there is no way to reference the other resource directly, either because the entity it represents is not available through a FHIR server, or because there is no way for the author of the resource to convert a known identifier to an actual location. There is no requirement that a Reference.identifier point to something that is actually exposed as a FHIR instance, but it SHALL point to a business concept that would be expected to be exposed as a FHIR instance, and that instance would need to be of a FHIR resource type allowed by the reference.

                                                                ShortLogical reference, when literal reference is not known
                                                                Comments

                                                                When an identifier is provided in place of a reference, any system processing the reference will only be able to resolve the identifier to a reference if it understands the business context in which the identifier is used. Sometimes this is global (e.g. a national identifier) but often it is not. For this reason, none of the useful mechanisms described for working with references (e.g. chaining, includes) are possible, nor should servers be expected to be able resolve the reference. Servers may accept an identifier based reference untouched, resolve it, and/or reject it - see CapabilityStatement.rest.resource.referencePolicy.

                                                                When both an identifier and a literal reference are provided, the literal reference is preferred. Applications processing the resource are allowed - but not required - to check that the identifier matches the literal reference

                                                                Applications converting a logical reference to a literal reference may choose to leave the logical reference present, or remove it.

                                                                Reference is intended to point to a structure that can potentially be expressed as a FHIR resource, though there is no need for it to exist as an actual FHIR resource instance - except in as much as an application wishes to actual find the target of the reference. The content referred to be the identifier must meet the logical constraints implied by any limitations on what resource types are permitted for the reference. For example, it would not be legitimate to send the identifier for a drug prescription if the type were Reference(Observation|DiagnosticReport). One of the use-cases for Reference.identifier is the situation where no FHIR representation exists (where the type is Reference (Any).

                                                                NoteThis is a business identifier, not a resource identifier (see discussion)
                                                                Control0..1
                                                                TypeIdentifier
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                244. Observation.device.display
                                                                Definition

                                                                Plain text narrative that identifies the resource in addition to the resource reference.

                                                                ShortText alternative for the resource
                                                                Comments

                                                                This is generally not the same as the Resource.text of the referenced resource. The purpose is to identify what's being referenced, not to fully describe it.

                                                                Control0..1
                                                                Typestring
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                246. Observation.referenceRange
                                                                Definition

                                                                Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range. Multiple reference ranges are interpreted as an "OR". In other words, to represent two distinct target populations, two referenceRange elements would be used.

                                                                ShortProvides guide for interpretation
                                                                Comments

                                                                Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                                                                Control0..*
                                                                TypeBackboneElement
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Must Supportfalse
                                                                Summaryfalse
                                                                Requirements

                                                                Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children unless an empty Parameters resource (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()) or $this is Parameters)
                                                                obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
                                                                248. Observation.referenceRange.id
                                                                Definition

                                                                Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                                ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                                Control0..1
                                                                Typestring
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                                Summaryfalse
                                                                250. Observation.referenceRange.extension
                                                                Definition

                                                                May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                                ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                                Comments

                                                                There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                                Control0..*
                                                                TypeExtension
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Summaryfalse
                                                                Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                                252. Observation.referenceRange.modifierExtension
                                                                Definition

                                                                May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                                                                Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                                                                ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                                                                Comments

                                                                There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                                Control0..*
                                                                TypeExtension
                                                                Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                Requirements

                                                                Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                                                                Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                                254. Observation.referenceRange.low
                                                                Definition

                                                                The value of the low bound of the reference range. The low bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the low bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is <=2.3).

                                                                ShortLow Range, if relevant
                                                                Control0..1
                                                                This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
                                                                TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Must Supportfalse
                                                                Summaryfalse
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                256. Observation.referenceRange.high
                                                                Definition

                                                                The value of the high bound of the reference range. The high bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the high bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is >= 2.3).

                                                                ShortHigh Range, if relevant
                                                                Control0..1
                                                                This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
                                                                TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Must Supportfalse
                                                                Summaryfalse
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                258. Observation.referenceRange.type
                                                                Definition

                                                                Codes to indicate the what part of the targeted reference population it applies to. For example, the normal or therapeutic range.

                                                                ShortReference range qualifier
                                                                Comments

                                                                This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal range is assumed.

                                                                Control0..1
                                                                BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationReferenceRangeMeaningCodes
                                                                (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-meaning)

                                                                Code for the meaning of a reference range.

                                                                TypeCodeableConcept
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Must Supportfalse
                                                                Summaryfalse
                                                                Requirements

                                                                Need to be able to say what kind of reference range this is - normal, recommended, therapeutic, etc., - for proper interpretation.

                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                260. Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo
                                                                Definition

                                                                Codes to indicate the target population this reference range applies to. For example, a reference range may be based on the normal population or a particular sex or race. Multiple appliesTo are interpreted as an "AND" of the target populations. For example, to represent a target population of African American females, both a code of female and a code for African American would be used.

                                                                ShortReference range population
                                                                Comments

                                                                This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal population is assumed.

                                                                Control0..*
                                                                BindingFor example codes, see ObservationReferenceRangeAppliesToCodes
                                                                (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-appliesto)

                                                                Codes identifying the population the reference range applies to.

                                                                TypeCodeableConcept
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Must Supportfalse
                                                                Summaryfalse
                                                                Requirements

                                                                Need to be able to identify the target population for proper interpretation.

                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                262. Observation.referenceRange.age
                                                                Definition

                                                                The age at which this reference range is applicable. This is a neonatal age (e.g. number of weeks at term) if the meaning says so.

                                                                ShortApplicable age range, if relevant
                                                                Control0..1
                                                                TypeRange
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Must Supportfalse
                                                                Summaryfalse
                                                                Requirements

                                                                Some analytes vary greatly over age.

                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                264. Observation.referenceRange.text
                                                                Definition

                                                                Text based reference range in an observation which may be used when a quantitative range is not appropriate for an observation. An example would be a reference value of "Negative" or a list or table of "normals".

                                                                ShortText based reference range in an observation
                                                                Control0..1
                                                                Typestring
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                Must Supportfalse
                                                                Summaryfalse
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                266. Observation.hasMember
                                                                Definition

                                                                This observation is a group observation (e.g. a battery, a panel of tests, a set of vital sign measurements) that includes the target as a member of the group.

                                                                ShortRelated resource that belongs to the Observation group
                                                                Comments

                                                                When using this element, an observation will typically have either a value or a set of related resources, although both may be present in some cases. For a discussion on the ways Observations can assembled in groups together, see Notes below. Note that a system may calculate results from QuestionnaireResponse into a final score and represent the score as an Observation.

                                                                Control0..*
                                                                TypeReference(Observation, QuestionnaireResponse, MolecularSequence)
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Must Supportfalse
                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                268. Observation.derivedFrom
                                                                Definition

                                                                The target resource that represents a measurement from which this observation value is derived. For example, a calculated anion gap or a fetal measurement based on an ultrasound image.

                                                                ShortReference to the Coincident Time Stamp Observation and/or Source-Handle-Reference Observation
                                                                Comments

                                                                When the PHD reports a time stamp a reference to the Coincident Time Stamp Observation is placed here. When the PHD reports a Source-Handle-Reference/-List attribute the Observation(s) pointed to by that Source-Handle-Reference/-List is (are) placed here. One may end up with several Observation.derivedFrom elements.

                                                                Control0..*
                                                                TypeReference(DocumentReference, ImagingStudy, Media, QuestionnaireResponse, Observation, MolecularSequence)
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Must Supportfalse
                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                270. Observation.component
                                                                Definition

                                                                Some observations have multiple component observations. These component observations are expressed as separate code value pairs that share the same attributes. Examples include systolic and diastolic component observations for blood pressure measurement and multiple component observations for genetics observations.

                                                                ShortComponent results
                                                                Comments

                                                                For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

                                                                Control0..*
                                                                TypeBackboneElement
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Must Supportfalse
                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                Requirements

                                                                Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children unless an empty Parameters resource (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()) or $this is Parameters)
                                                                SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                                • value @ code
                                                                • 272. Observation.component.id
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                                  ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                                  Control0..1
                                                                  Typestring
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                                  274. Observation.component.extension
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                                  ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                                  Control0..*
                                                                  TypeExtension
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                                  276. Observation.component.modifierExtension
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                                                                  Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                                                                  ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                                  Control0..*
                                                                  TypeExtension
                                                                  Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                                                                  Summarytrue
                                                                  Requirements

                                                                  Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                                                                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                                  278. Observation.component.code
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "code".

                                                                  ShortType of component observation (code / type)
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  All code-value and component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

                                                                  Control1..1
                                                                  BindingFor example codes, see LOINCCodes
                                                                  (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes)

                                                                  Codes identifying names of simple observations.

                                                                  TypeCodeableConcept
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Must Supportfalse
                                                                  Summarytrue
                                                                  Requirements

                                                                  Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  280. Observation.component.value[x]
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                                                                  ShortActual component result
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                                                  Control0..1
                                                                  TypeChoice of: Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period
                                                                  [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                  Must Supportfalse
                                                                  Summarytrue
                                                                  Requirements

                                                                  An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  282. Observation.component.dataAbsentReason
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.component.value[x] is missing.

                                                                  ShortWhy the component result is missing
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  "Null" or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "test not done".

                                                                  The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for exceptional values.

                                                                  Control0..1
                                                                  This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6
                                                                  BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReason
                                                                  (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason)

                                                                  Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

                                                                  TypeCodeableConcept
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Must Supportfalse
                                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                                  Requirements

                                                                  For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  284. Observation.component.interpretation
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  A categorical assessment of an observation value. For example, high, low, normal.

                                                                  ShortHigh, low, normal, etc.
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  Historically used for laboratory results (known as 'abnormal flag' ), its use extends to other use cases where coded interpretations are relevant. Often reported as one or more simple compact codes this element is often placed adjacent to the result value in reports and flow sheets to signal the meaning/normalcy status of the result.

                                                                  Control0..*
                                                                  BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ObservationInterpretationCodes
                                                                  (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation)

                                                                  Codes identifying interpretations of observations.

                                                                  TypeCodeableConcept
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Must Supportfalse
                                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                                  Requirements

                                                                  For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

                                                                  Alternate NamesAbnormal Flag
                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  286. Observation.component.referenceRange
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range.

                                                                  ShortProvides guide for interpretation of component result
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                                                                  Control0..*
                                                                  TypeSeettp://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Observation#Observation.referenceRange
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Must Supportfalse
                                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                                  Requirements

                                                                  Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  288. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent
                                                                  Slice NamesupplementalTypesComponent
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  For each partition:term code pair contained in the Supplemental-Types attribute, a separate supplementalTypesComponent element is generated. The component is not generated if the attribute is absent or empty. The component shall be generated otherwise.

                                                                  ShortSupplemental Type: A further description of the measurement type.
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  A PHD may send a Supplemental-Types attribute as part of the measurement. This attribute consists of a set of MDC nomenclature codes as partition:term code pairs. Each pair is a code describing something additional about the measurement, such as MDC_MODALITY_SPOT in the pulse oximeter which indicates that the provided measurement is a stable average. An MDC_MODALITY_FAST would indicate that a short averaging is used and the result reported regardless of stability.

                                                                  Control0..*
                                                                  TypeBackboneElement
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Must Supportfalse
                                                                  Summarytrue
                                                                  Requirements

                                                                  Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children unless an empty Parameters resource (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()) or $this is Parameters)
                                                                  290. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.id
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                                  ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                                  Control0..1
                                                                  Typestring
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                                  292. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.extension
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                                  ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                                  Control0..*
                                                                  TypeExtension
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                                  294. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.modifierExtension
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                                                                  Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                                                                  ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                                  Control0..*
                                                                  TypeExtension
                                                                  Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                                                                  Summarytrue
                                                                  Requirements

                                                                  Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                                                                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                                  296. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "code".

                                                                  ShortType of component observation (code / type)
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  All code-value and component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

                                                                  Control1..1
                                                                  BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from CodeableConcept 11073 Attributes
                                                                  (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/phd/ValueSet/CodeableConcept11073MDC)
                                                                  TypeCodeableConcept
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Must Supportfalse
                                                                  Summarytrue
                                                                  Requirements

                                                                  Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  298. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.id
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                                  ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                                  Control0..1
                                                                  Typeid
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                                  300. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.extension
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                                  ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                                  Control0..*
                                                                  TypeExtension
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                                  SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.code.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                                  • value @ url
                                                                  • 302. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.coding
                                                                    Definition

                                                                    A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                                                                    ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                                                                    Comments

                                                                    Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                                                                    Control1..*
                                                                    TypeCoding
                                                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                                                    Summarytrue
                                                                    Requirements

                                                                    Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                                                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.code.coding. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                                    • value @ system
                                                                    • 304. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.coding:MdcType
                                                                      Slice NameMdcType
                                                                      Definition

                                                                      A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                                                                      ShortThe 11073-10101 MDC code for the measurement
                                                                      Comments

                                                                      Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                                                                      Control1..1
                                                                      TypeCoding
                                                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                                                      Summarytrue
                                                                      Requirements

                                                                      Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                                                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                      306. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.coding:MdcType.id
                                                                      Definition

                                                                      Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                                      ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                                      Control0..1
                                                                      Typeid
                                                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                                                      XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                                      Summaryfalse
                                                                      308. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.coding:MdcType.extension
                                                                      Definition

                                                                      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                                      ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                                      Comments

                                                                      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                                      Control0..*
                                                                      TypeExtension
                                                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                                                      Summaryfalse
                                                                      Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                                      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.code.coding.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                                      • value @ url
                                                                      • 310. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.coding:MdcType.system
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

                                                                        ShortIdentity of the terminology system
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

                                                                        Control1..1
                                                                        Typeuri
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                        Summarytrue
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

                                                                        Fixed Valueurn:iso:std:iso:11073:10101
                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        312. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.coding:MdcType.version
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured, and when the meaning is not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged.

                                                                        ShortVersion of the system - if relevant
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format) on which that version was officially published as the version date.

                                                                        NoteThis is a business version Id, not a resource version Id (see discussion)
                                                                        Control0..1
                                                                        Typestring
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                        Summarytrue
                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        314. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.coding:MdcType.code
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        68193 is the 32-bit nomenclature code indicating a 'Supplemental-Types' value

                                                                        ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
                                                                        Control1..1
                                                                        Typecode
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                        Summarytrue
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

                                                                        Fixed Value68193
                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        316. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.coding:MdcType.display
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

                                                                        ShortRepresentation defined by the system
                                                                        Control0..1
                                                                        Typestring
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                        Summarytrue
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        318. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.coding:MdcType.userSelected
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - e.g. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

                                                                        ShortIf this coding was chosen directly by the user
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting point for new translations. There is some ambiguity about what exactly 'directly chosen' implies, and trading partner agreement may be needed to clarify the use of this element and its consequences more completely.

                                                                        Control0..1
                                                                        Typeboolean
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                        Summarytrue
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        320. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.code.text
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        It is recommended to display at least the reference identifier for the Supplemental-Types which is MDC_ATTR_SUPPLEMENTAL_TYPES

                                                                        ShortPlain text representation of the concept
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

                                                                        Control0..1
                                                                        Typestring
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                        Summarytrue
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        322. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                                                                        ShortActual component result
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                                                        Control1..1
                                                                        TypeCodeableConcept
                                                                        [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Must Supportfalse
                                                                        Summarytrue
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.value[x]. The slices areUnordered and Closed, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                                        • type @ $this
                                                                        • 324. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept
                                                                          Slice NamevalueCodeableConcept
                                                                          Definition

                                                                          The supplemental information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information is a code.

                                                                          ShortActual component result
                                                                          Comments

                                                                          Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                                                          Control1..1
                                                                          TypeCodeableConcept
                                                                          [x] NoteSeeChoice of Data Typesfor further information about how to use [x]
                                                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                                                          Must Supportfalse
                                                                          Summarytrue
                                                                          Requirements

                                                                          An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                          326. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.id
                                                                          Definition

                                                                          Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                                          ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                                          Control0..1
                                                                          Typeid
                                                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                                                          XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                                          Summaryfalse
                                                                          328. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.extension
                                                                          Definition

                                                                          May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                                          ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                                          Comments

                                                                          There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                                          Control0..*
                                                                          TypeExtension
                                                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                                                          Summaryfalse
                                                                          Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                                          SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.value[x].extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                                          • value @ url
                                                                          • 330. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.coding
                                                                            Definition

                                                                            A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                                                                            ShortCode defined by a terminology system
                                                                            Comments

                                                                            Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                                                                            Control1..*
                                                                            TypeCoding
                                                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                                                            Summarytrue
                                                                            Requirements

                                                                            Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                                                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                            SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.value[x].coding. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                                            • value @ system
                                                                            • 332. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.coding:MDCType
                                                                              Slice NameMDCType
                                                                              Definition

                                                                              A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

                                                                              ShortRequired MDC code entry.
                                                                              Comments

                                                                              Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

                                                                              Control1..1
                                                                              TypeCoding
                                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                                              Summarytrue
                                                                              Requirements

                                                                              Allows for alternative encodings within a code system, and translations to other code systems.

                                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                              334. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.coding:MDCType.id
                                                                              Definition

                                                                              Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                                              ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                                              Control0..1
                                                                              Typeid
                                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                                              XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                                              Summaryfalse
                                                                              336. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.coding:MDCType.extension
                                                                              Definition

                                                                              May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                                              ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                                              Comments

                                                                              There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                                              Control0..*
                                                                              TypeExtension
                                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                                              Summaryfalse
                                                                              Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                              ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                                              SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.value[x].coding.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                                              • value @ url
                                                                              • 338. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.coding:MDCType.system
                                                                                Definition

                                                                                The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

                                                                                ShortIdentity of the terminology system
                                                                                Comments

                                                                                The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should reference to some definition that establishes the system clearly and unambiguously.

                                                                                Control1..1
                                                                                Typeuri
                                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                                Requirements

                                                                                Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

                                                                                Fixed Valueurn:iso:std:iso:11073:10101
                                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                                340. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.coding:MDCType.version
                                                                                Definition

                                                                                The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured, and when the meaning is not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged.

                                                                                ShortVersion of the system - if relevant
                                                                                Comments

                                                                                Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format) on which that version was officially published as the version date.

                                                                                NoteThis is a business version Id, not a resource version Id (see discussion)
                                                                                Control0..1
                                                                                Typestring
                                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                                342. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.coding:MDCType.code
                                                                                Definition

                                                                                For the given Supplemental-Types entry the code here is given by: partition * 2**16 + term code

                                                                                ShortSymbol in syntax defined by the system
                                                                                Control1..1
                                                                                Typecode
                                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                                Requirements

                                                                                Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

                                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                                344. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.coding:MDCType.display
                                                                                Definition

                                                                                A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

                                                                                ShortRepresentation defined by the system
                                                                                Control0..1
                                                                                Typestring
                                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                                Requirements

                                                                                Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

                                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                                346. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.coding:MDCType.userSelected
                                                                                Definition

                                                                                Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - e.g. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

                                                                                ShortIf this coding was chosen directly by the user
                                                                                Comments

                                                                                Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting point for new translations. There is some ambiguity about what exactly 'directly chosen' implies, and trading partner agreement may be needed to clarify the use of this element and its consequences more completely.

                                                                                Control0..1
                                                                                Typeboolean
                                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                                Requirements

                                                                                This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

                                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                                348. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept.text
                                                                                Definition

                                                                                A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

                                                                                ShortPlain text representation of the concept
                                                                                Comments

                                                                                Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

                                                                                Control0..1
                                                                                Typestring
                                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                                Requirements

                                                                                The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

                                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                                350. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.dataAbsentReason
                                                                                Definition

                                                                                Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.component.value[x] is missing.

                                                                                ShortWhy the component result is missing
                                                                                Comments

                                                                                "Null" or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "test not done".

                                                                                The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for exceptional values.

                                                                                Control0..0
                                                                                This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6
                                                                                BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReason
                                                                                (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason)

                                                                                Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

                                                                                TypeCodeableConcept
                                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                                Must Supportfalse
                                                                                Summaryfalse
                                                                                Requirements

                                                                                For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

                                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                                352. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.interpretation
                                                                                Definition

                                                                                A categorical assessment of an observation value. For example, high, low, normal.

                                                                                ShortHigh, low, normal, etc.
                                                                                Comments

                                                                                Historically used for laboratory results (known as 'abnormal flag' ), its use extends to other use cases where coded interpretations are relevant. Often reported as one or more simple compact codes this element is often placed adjacent to the result value in reports and flow sheets to signal the meaning/normalcy status of the result.

                                                                                Control0..*
                                                                                BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ObservationInterpretationCodes
                                                                                (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation)

                                                                                Codes identifying interpretations of observations.

                                                                                TypeCodeableConcept
                                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                                Must Supportfalse
                                                                                Summaryfalse
                                                                                Requirements

                                                                                For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

                                                                                Alternate NamesAbnormal Flag
                                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                                354. Observation.component:supplementalTypesComponent.referenceRange
                                                                                Definition

                                                                                Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range.

                                                                                ShortProvides guide for interpretation of component result
                                                                                Comments

                                                                                Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                                                                                Control0..*
                                                                                TypeSeettp://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Observation#Observation.referenceRange
                                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                                Must Supportfalse
                                                                                Summaryfalse
                                                                                Requirements

                                                                                Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))