minimal Common Oncology Data Elements (mCODE) Implementation Guide
2.1.0 - STU 2.1 United States of America flag

This page is part of the HL7 FHIR Implementation Guide: minimal Common Oncology Data Elements (mCODE) Release 1 - US Realm | STU1 (v2.1.0: STU 2) based on FHIR R4. This is the current published version in its permanent home (it will always be available at this URL). For a full list of available versions, see the Directory of published versions

Genomics

mCODE Use of Genomics Elements

mCODE includes genomics-related data elements needed inform cancer assessment and treatment options. The profiles are based on the HL7 CGWG Clinical Genomics Reporting Implementation Guide. Four profiles relate to the capture of clinical genomics data:

  • GenomicsReport - contain results of genomic analyses. Genomic reports vary in complexity and content, as simple as the results for a single discrete variant to complex sequences.
  • GenomicVariant - used to record variants that could be found from tests that broadly analyze genomic regions (e.g.: exome tests) and stores results for any variants that could have been found. The region in which the variant was found could be specified in the RegionStudied attribute of the GenomicsReport profile.
  • GenomicRegionStudied - used to record the portion(s) of the genome that was tested for variants.
  • GenomicSpecimen - describes a specimen collected for a genomics test.

Assumptions and Scope

  • mCODE genomics elements are a superset of those that may be available for exchange. There is no assumption that all data elements need to be captured or exchanged.
  • Genomics profiles represent results from genomic sequencing, whereas TumorMarkerTest (grouped in the Disease Characterization) involve results from gene expression tests (e.g.: HER2 Immunohistochemistry tests) and serum-based measurements which could have an implication on cancer (e.g., PSA).

Genomics Test Coding

The identity of non-genomic laboratory tests is typically represented by a Logical Observation Identifiers and Names (LOINC) code. However, many genomic tests and panels do not have LOINC codes, although some might have an identifier in the NCBI Genomic Testing Registry (GTR), a central location for voluntary submission of genomic test information by providers. While GTR is a viable source for identifying many genomic tests, the user should be aware that the GTR is not single authoritative source since the test data is voluntarily updated. Standardization of codes for genomic tests is essential to facilitate data analysis of genomic tests, and should be a priority for the genomics testing community in the near future. Implementers should also note that, to conform to the requirements of the US Core Laboratory Result Profile, if a suitable LOINC exists, it must be used. If there is no suitable code in LOINC, then a code from an alternative code system such as GTR can be used.

Representing Fusion Genes

A fusion gene is made by joining parts of two different genes. Fusion genes, and the fusion proteins that come from them, arise when part of the DNA from one chromosome moves to another chromosome. Fusion proteins produced by this change may lead to the development of some types of cancer (source: NCI Cancer Dictionary).

mCODE represents a fusion gene as an instance of GenomicVariant with the following changes:

  • The molecularConsequence component is fixed to the SequenceOntology code SO:001565 (gene_fusion)
  • Two geneStudied components are included, one for each gene involved in the fusion event.

The diagram below shows an example representation for the gene fusion BCR_ABL1:

Example mCODE Gene Fusion

The mCODE example genomic-variant-fusion demonstrates the gene fusion representation.

NOTE: A fusion event that is related to two variants will be expressed as two separate variant instances. Both variants from the same fusion event can be included as DiagnosticReport.result slices under GenomicsReport.

Profiles

Value Sets

Code Systems