Profile: USLabObsRatio

USLabObsRatio

Raw XML

<Profile xmlns="http://hl7.org/fhir">
  <id value="obs-uslab-uslabobsratio"/>
  <text>
    <status value="generated"/>
    <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><!-- Snipped for brevity --></div>
  </text>
  <url value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/obs-uslab-uslabobsratio"/>
  <name value="US Laboratory Observation Profile"/>
  <publisher value="HL7 International - Orders and Observations WG"/>
  <contact>
    <telecom>
      <system value="url"/>
      <value value="http://hl7.org"/>
    </telecom>
  </contact>
  <description value="US Realm quantitative laboratory result"/>
  <status value="draft"/>
  <date value="2014-11-17"/>
  <type value="Observation"/>
  <base value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/Observation"/>
  <snapshot>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation"/>
      <name value="USLabObsRatio"/>
      <short value="US Realm quantitative laboratory result"/>
      <definition value="US Realm clinical quantitative laboratory results to ordering providers in the ambulatory
       care setting and &quot;reportable&quot; laboratory test results to local public health
       agencies."/>
      <comments value="Used for simple observations such as device measurements, laboratory atomic results, vital
       signs, height, weight, smoking status, comments, etc.  Other resources are used to provide
       context for observations such as Lab reports, etc."/>
      <requirements value="Observations are a key aspect of healthcare.  This resource is used to capture those that
       do not require more sophisticated mechanisms."/>
      <synonym value="Vital Signs"/>
      <synonym value="Measurement"/>
      <synonym value="Results"/>
      <synonym value="Tests"/>
      <synonym value="Obs"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <constraint>
        <key value="obs-6"/>
        <name value="data absent reason"/>
        <severity value="error"/>
        <human value="Shall only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present"/>
        <xpath value="not(exists(f:dataAbsentReason)) or (not(exists(*[starts-with(local-name(.), 'value')])))"/>
      </constraint>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="OBX"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="Observation[classCode=OBS, moodCode=EVN]"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.id"/>
      <short value="Logical id of this artefact"/>
      <definition value="The logical id of the resource, as used in the url for the resoure. Once assigned, this
       value never changes."/>
      <comments value="The only time that a resource does not have an id is when it is being submitted to the
       server using a create operation. Bundles always have an id, though it is usually a generated
       UUID."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="id"/>
      </type>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.meta"/>
      <short value="Metadata about the resource"/>
      <definition value="The metadata about the resource. This is content that is maintained by the infrastructure.
       Changes to the content may not always be associated with version changes to the resource."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Meta"/>
      </type>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.implicitRules"/>
      <short value="A set of rules under which this content was created"/>
      <definition value="A reference to a set of rules that were followed when the resource was constructed, and
       which must be understood when processing the content."/>
      <comments value="Asserting this rule set restricts the content to be only understood by a limited set of
       trading partners. This inherently limits the usefulness of the data in the long term.
       However the existing health eco-system is highly fractured, and not yet ready to define,
       collect, and exchange data in a generally computable sense. Wherever possible, implementers
       and/or specification writers should avoid using this element as much as possible."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <isModifier value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.language"/>
      <short value="Language of the resource content"/>
      <definition value="The base language in which the resource is written."/>
      <comments value="Language is provided to support indexing and accessibility (typically, services such as
       text to speech use the language tag). The html language tag in the narrative applies 
       to the narrative. The language tag on the resource may be used to specify the language
       of other presentations generated from the data in the resource  Not all the content has
       to be in the base language. The Resource.language should not be assumed to apply to the
       narrative automatically. If a language is specified, it should it also be specified on
       the div element in the html (see rules in HTML5 for information about the relationship
       between xml:lang and the html lang attribute)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <binding>
        <name value="Language"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="A human language"/>
        <referenceUri value="http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47"/>
      </binding>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.text"/>
      <short value="Text summary of the resource, for human interpretation"/>
      <definition value="A human-readable narrative that contains a summary of the resource, and may be used to
       represent the content of the resource to a human. The narrative need not encode all the
       structured data, but is required to contain sufficient detail to make it &quot;clinically
       safe&quot; for a human to just read the narrative. Resource definitions may define what
       content should be represented in the narrative to ensure clinical safety."/>
      <comments value="Contained resources do not have narrative. Resources that are not contained SHOULD have
       a narrative."/>
      <synonym value="narrative"/>
      <synonym value="html"/>
      <synonym value="xhtml"/>
      <synonym value="display"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Narrative"/>
      </type>
      <condition value="dom-1"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="Act.text?"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.contained"/>
      <short value="Contained, inline Resources"/>
      <definition value="These resources do not have an independent existence apart from the resource that contains
       them - they cannot be identified independently, and nor can they have their own independent
       transaction scope."/>
      <comments value="This should never be done when the content can be identified properly, as once identification
       is lost, it is extremely difficult (and context dependent) to restore it again."/>
      <synonym value="inline resources"/>
      <synonym value="anonymous resources"/>
      <synonym value="contained resources"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Resource"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="N/A"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension"/>
      <slicing>
        <discriminator value="url"/>
        <ordered value="false"/>
        <rules value="open"/>
      </slicing>
      <short value="Additional Content defined by implementations"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the resource. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is
       a strict set of governance  applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any
       implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL
       be met as part of the definition of the extension."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="N/A"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension"/>
      <name value="USLabSpecimenRejectReason"/>
      <short value="Specimen Rejection Reason"/>
      <definition value="Specimen Rejection Reason."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/ExtensionDefinition/uslabspecimenrejectreason"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="N/A"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension.id"/>
      <representation value="xmlAttr"/>
      <short value="xml:id (or equivalent in JSON)"/>
      <definition value="unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="id"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension.extension"/>
      <short value="Additional Content defined by implementations"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a
       strict set of governance  applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any
       implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL
       be met as part of the definition of the extension."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension.url"/>
      <representation value="xmlAttr"/>
      <short value="identifies the meaning of the extension"/>
      <definition value="Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL."/>
      <comments value="The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the
       extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification.
       The definition should be version specific.  This will ideally be the URI for the Resource
       Profile defining the extension, with the code for the extension after a #."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="N/A"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension.value[x]"/>
      <short value="Value of extension"/>
      <definition value="Value of extension - may be a resource or one of a constrained set of the data types (see
       Extensibility in the spec for list)."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="*"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="N/A"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension"/>
      <name value="USLabObservationKind"/>
      <short value="Kind of observation"/>
      <definition value="Kind of observation."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/ExtensionDefinition/uslabobservationkind"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="N/A"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.modifierExtension"/>
      <short value="Extensions that cannot be ignored"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the resource, and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it.
       Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. In order to make the use
       of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the
       definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension,
       there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.
       Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="N/A"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code"/>
      <short value="US Realm Laboratory Test Name"/>
      <definition value="The laboratory test that was performed."/>
      <requirements value="Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation."/>
      <synonym value="test"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="CodeableConcept"/>
      </type>
      <constraint>
        <key value="inv-2"/>
        <name value="LOINC or Local"/>
        <severity value="error"/>
        <human value="Must have a LOINC or a Local code or both."/>
        <xpath value="exists(f:coding)"/>
      </constraint>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="ObservationType"/>
        <isExtensible value="true"/>
        <conformance value="example"/>
        <description value="Codes identifying types of simple observations"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/observation-codes"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="OBX-3-observation identifier"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="code"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.id"/>
      <representation value="xmlAttr"/>
      <short value="xml:id (or equivalent in JSON)"/>
      <definition value="unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="id"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.extension"/>
      <short value="Additional Content defined by implementations"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a
       strict set of governance  applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any
       implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL
       be met as part of the definition of the extension."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding"/>
      <slicing>
        <discriminator value="system"/>
        <ordered value="false"/>
        <rules value="open"/>
      </slicing>
      <short value="Code defined by a terminology system"/>
      <definition value="A reference to a code defined by a terminology system."/>
      <comments value="Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions
       such as SNOMED CT - see the V3 Core Principles for more information.  Ordering of codings
       is undefined and SHALL not be used to infer meaning."/>
      <requirements value="Allows for translations and alternate encodings within a code system.  Also supports communication
       of the same instance to systems requiring different encodings."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Coding"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.1-8, C*E.10-22"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="union(., ./translation)"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding"/>
      <name value="USLabLOINCCoding"/>
      <short value="LOINC coding if available"/>
      <definition value="LOINC coding if available."/>
      <comments value="Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions
       such as SNOMED CT - see the V3 Core Principles for more information.  Ordering of codings
       is undefined and SHALL not be used to infer meaning."/>
      <requirements value="Allows for translations and alternate encodings within a code system.  Also supports communication
       of the same instance to systems requiring different encodings."/>
      <synonym value="LOINC code"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Coding"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.1-8, C*E.10-22"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="union(., ./translation)"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.id"/>
      <representation value="xmlAttr"/>
      <short value="xml:id (or equivalent in JSON)"/>
      <definition value="unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="id"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.extension"/>
      <short value="Additional Content defined by implementations"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a
       strict set of governance  applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any
       implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL
       be met as part of the definition of the extension."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.system"/>
      <short value="LOINC Coding System"/>
      <definition value="LOINC Coding System."/>
      <comments value="The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...).  OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be
       references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of
       FHIR defined special URIs or it should de-reference to some definition that establish
       the system clearly and unambiguously."/>
      <requirements value="Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <fixedUri value="http://loinc.org"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.3"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="./codeSystem"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.version"/>
      <short value="Version of the system - if relevant"/>
      <definition value="The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained
       code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent
       across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured. and when the meaning is
       not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged."/>
      <comments value="Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code
       system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format)
       on which that version was officially published as the version date."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.7"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="./codeSystemVersion"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.code"/>
      <short value="LOINC"/>
      <definition value="Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) is a database and universal standard
       for identifying medical laboratory observations."/>
      <requirements value="Need to refer to a particular code in the system."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.1"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="./code"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.display"/>
      <short value="LOINC Display Name"/>
      <definition value="The LOINC  'long common name' is preferred although the LOINC 'short name' or the LOINC
       'fully-specified name can also be used.  ( http://lionc.org.terms-of-use)."/>
      <requirements value="Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not
       know  the system."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.2 - but note this is not well followed"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="CV.displayName"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.primary"/>
      <short value="If this code was chosen directly by the user"/>
      <definition value="Indicates that this code was chosen by a user directly - i.e. off a pick list of available
       items (codes or displays)."/>
      <comments value="Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting
       point for new translations."/>
      <requirements value="This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact code was chosen
       explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="boolean"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="Sometimes implied by being first"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="CD.codingRationale"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.valueSet"/>
      <short value="Set this coding was chosen from"/>
      <definition value="The set of possible coded values this coding was chosen from or constrained by."/>
      <requirements value="The value set may influence the codes that the user can select. Also, referencing the
       value set directly makes it easier to share ad-hoc code systems used across healthcare."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/ValueSet"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.16 - .19"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="CD.valueSet / CD.valueSetVersion"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding"/>
      <name value="USLabLocalCoding"/>
      <short value="Code defined by a terminology system"/>
      <definition value="A reference to a code defined by a terminology system."/>
      <comments value="Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions
       such as SNOMED CT - see the V3 Core Principles for more information.  Ordering of codings
       is undefined and SHALL not be used to infer meaning."/>
      <requirements value="Allows for translations and alternate encodings within a code system.  Also supports communication
       of the same instance to systems requiring different encodings."/>
      <synonym value="Local"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Coding"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.1-8, C*E.10-22"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="union(., ./translation)"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.id"/>
      <representation value="xmlAttr"/>
      <short value="xml:id (or equivalent in JSON)"/>
      <definition value="unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="id"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.extension"/>
      <short value="Additional Content defined by implementations"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a
       strict set of governance  applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any
       implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL
       be met as part of the definition of the extension."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.system"/>
      <short value="Local Coding System"/>
      <definition value="This is defined locally."/>
      <comments value="The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...).  OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be
       references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of
       FHIR defined special URIs or it should de-reference to some definition that establish
       the system clearly and unambiguously."/>
      <requirements value="Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.3"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="./codeSystem"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.version"/>
      <short value="Version of the system - if relevant"/>
      <definition value="The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained
       code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent
       across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured. and when the meaning is
       not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged."/>
      <comments value="Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code
       system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format)
       on which that version was officially published as the version date."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.7"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="./codeSystemVersion"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.code"/>
      <short value="Local Code"/>
      <definition value="Local Code."/>
      <requirements value="Need to refer to a particular code in the system."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.1"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="./code"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.display"/>
      <short value="local Code Display name"/>
      <definition value="This is defined locally."/>
      <requirements value="Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not
       know  the system."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.2 - but note this is not well followed"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="CV.displayName"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.primary"/>
      <short value="If this code was chosen directly by the user"/>
      <definition value="Indicates that this code was chosen by a user directly - i.e. off a pick list of available
       items (codes or displays)."/>
      <comments value="Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting
       point for new translations."/>
      <requirements value="This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact code was chosen
       explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="boolean"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="Sometimes implied by being first"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="CD.codingRationale"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.valueSet"/>
      <short value="Set this coding was chosen from"/>
      <definition value="The set of possible coded values this coding was chosen from or constrained by."/>
      <requirements value="The value set may influence the codes that the user can select. Also, referencing the
       value set directly makes it easier to share ad-hoc code systems used across healthcare."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/ValueSet"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.16 - .19"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="CD.valueSet / CD.valueSetVersion"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.text"/>
      <short value="Display text"/>
      <definition value="This is the laboratory defined display text for the lab test if different from the code
       display text(s)."/>
      <comments value="Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings."/>
      <requirements value="The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the
       nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In
       these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.9. But note many systems use C*E.2 for this"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="./originalText[mediaType/code=&quot;text/plain&quot;]/data"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.value[x]"/>
      <short value="Titre value"/>
      <definition value="This is the actual titer result.  The Ratio data type is used for titers (e.g., &quot;1:128&quot;)
       and other quantities produced by laboratories that truly represent ratios."/>
      <comments value="Normally, an observation will have either a value or a set of related observations. A
       few observations (e.g. apgar store) may have both a value and related observations (for
       apgar, the observations from which the measure is derived). If a value is present, the
       datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept
       with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or
       if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value.   For boolean
       values use valueCodeableConcept and select codes from &lt;http://hl7.org/fhir/v2/vs/0136&gt;
       (These &quot;yes/no&quot; concepts can be mapped to the display name &quot;true/false&quot;
       or other mutually exclusive terms that may be needed&quot;).  The element, Observation.value[x],
       has a variable name depending on the type as follows: valueQuantity, valueCodeableConcept,
       valueRatio, valueChoice, valuePeriod, valueSampleData, or valueString (The name format
       is &quot;'value' + the type name&quot; with a capital on the first letter of the type)."/>
      <requirements value="An observation exists to have a value, though it may not if it is in error, or it represents
       a group of observations."/>
      <synonym value="titers"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Quantity"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="CodeableConcept"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="Attachment"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="Ratio"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="dateTime"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="Period"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="SampledData"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="time"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="OBX.2, OBX.5, OBX.6"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="value"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.dataAbsentReason"/>
      <short value="unknown | asked | temp | notasked +"/>
      <definition value="Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.value[x] is missing."/>
      <comments value="&quot;Null&quot; or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations.
        One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the
       value.  For example, measurement values for a serology test could be  &quot;detected&quot;,
       &quot;not detected&quot;, &quot;inconclusive&quot;, or  &quot;test not done&quot;.   The
       alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit
       dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values.  For example, the dataAbsentReason
       code &quot;error&quot; could be used when the measurement was not completed.  Because
       of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for
       exceptional values."/>
      <requirements value="For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <exampleCode value="unknown"/>
      <condition value="obs-6"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="DataAbsentReason"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="Used to specify why the normally expected content of the data element is missing"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/data-absent-reason"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="N/A"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="value.nullFlavor"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation"/>
      <short value="High, low, normal, etc."/>
      <definition value="The assessment made based on the result of the observation."/>
      <requirements value="For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully
       understand the significance of a result."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="CodeableConcept"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="USLabObsInterpretation"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="Codes identifying interpretations of observations"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/obs-uslab-interpretation"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="OBX-8-interpretation codes"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="interpretationCode"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation.id"/>
      <representation value="xmlAttr"/>
      <short value="xml:id (or equivalent in JSON)"/>
      <definition value="unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="id"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation.extension"/>
      <short value="Additional Content defined by implementations"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a
       strict set of governance  applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any
       implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL
       be met as part of the definition of the extension."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation.coding"/>
      <short value="Code defined by a terminology system"/>
      <definition value="A reference to a code defined by a terminology system."/>
      <comments value="Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions
       such as SNOMED CT - see the V3 Core Principles for more information.  Ordering of codings
       is undefined and SHALL not be used to infer meaning."/>
      <requirements value="Allows for translations and alternate encodings within a code system.  Also supports communication
       of the same instance to systems requiring different encodings."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Coding"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.1-8, C*E.10-22"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="union(., ./translation)"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation.coding.id"/>
      <representation value="xmlAttr"/>
      <short value="xml:id (or equivalent in JSON)"/>
      <definition value="unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="id"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation.coding.extension"/>
      <short value="Additional Content defined by implementations"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a
       strict set of governance  applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any
       implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL
       be met as part of the definition of the extension."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation.coding.system"/>
      <short value="Identity of the terminology system"/>
      <definition value="The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code."/>
      <comments value="The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...).  OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be
       references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of
       FHIR defined special URIs or it should de-reference to some definition that establish
       the system clearly and unambiguously."/>
      <requirements value="Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.3"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="./codeSystem"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation.coding.version"/>
      <short value="Version of the system - if relevant"/>
      <definition value="The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained
       code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent
       across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured. and when the meaning is
       not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged."/>
      <comments value="Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code
       system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format)
       on which that version was officially published as the version date."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.7"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="./codeSystemVersion"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation.coding.code"/>
      <short value="Symbol in syntax defined by the system"/>
      <definition value="A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression
       in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination)."/>
      <requirements value="Need to refer to a particular code in the system."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.1"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="./code"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation.coding.display"/>
      <short value="Representation defined by the system"/>
      <definition value="A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the
       system."/>
      <requirements value="Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not
       know  the system."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.2 - but note this is not well followed"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="CV.displayName"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation.coding.primary"/>
      <short value="If this code was chosen directly by the user"/>
      <definition value="Indicates that this code was chosen by a user directly - i.e. off a pick list of available
       items (codes or displays)."/>
      <comments value="Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting
       point for new translations."/>
      <requirements value="This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact code was chosen
       explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="boolean"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="Sometimes implied by being first"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="CD.codingRationale"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation.coding.valueSet"/>
      <short value="Set this coding was chosen from"/>
      <definition value="The set of possible coded values this coding was chosen from or constrained by."/>
      <requirements value="The value set may influence the codes that the user can select. Also, referencing the
       value set directly makes it easier to share ad-hoc code systems used across healthcare."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/ValueSet"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.16 - .19"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="CD.valueSet / CD.valueSetVersion"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation.text"/>
      <short value="Plain text representation of the concept"/>
      <definition value="A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who
       entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user."/>
      <comments value="Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings."/>
      <requirements value="The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the
       nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In
       these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="C*E.9. But note many systems use C*E.2 for this"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="./originalText[mediaType/code=&quot;text/plain&quot;]/data"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.comments"/>
      <short value="Comments about result"/>
      <definition value="May include statements about significant, unexpected or unreliable values, or information
       about the source of the value where this may be relevant to the interpretation of the
       result."/>
      <requirements value="Need to be able to provide free text additional information."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="NTE.3 (partner NTE to OBX, or sometimes another (child?) OBX)"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="subjectOf.observationEvent[code=&quot;annotation&quot;].value"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.applies[x]"/>
      <short value="For lab tests this is the specimen collection date.  For AOE's this is the date the question
       was asked."/>
      <definition value="For lab tests this is the specimen collection date.  For AOE's this is the date the question
       was asked."/>
      <comments value="At least a date should be present unless this observation is a historical report."/>
      <requirements value="Knowing when an observation was deemed true is important to its relevance as well as determining
       trends."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="dateTime"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="Period"/>
      </type>
      <constraint>
        <key value="inv-1"/>
        <name value="datetime to Day"/>
        <severity value="error"/>
        <human value="Datetime must be at least to day."/>
        <xpath value="f:matches(./\d{4}-[01]\d-[0-3]\dT[0-2]\d:[0-5]\d([+-][0-2]\d:[0-5]\d|Z)/)"/>
      </constraint>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="OBX-14-date/time of the observation, and/or OBX-19 after v2.4  (depends on who observation
         made)"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="effectiveTime"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.issued"/>
      <short value="Date/Time this was made available"/>
      <definition value="The date and time this observation was made available."/>
      <comments value="Updated when the result is updated."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="instant"/>
      </type>
      <constraint>
        <key value="inv-3"/>
        <name value="datetime to Day"/>
        <severity value="error"/>
        <human value="Datetime must be at least to day."/>
        <xpath value="f:matches(./\d{4}-[01]\d-[0-3]\dT[0-2]\d:[0-5]\d([+-][0-2]\d:[0-5]\d|Z)/)"/>
      </constraint>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="OBR.22 (or MSH.7), or perhaps OBX-19 (depends on who observation made)"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="participation[typeCode=AUT].time"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/ExtensionDefinition/profile-display-hint">
        <valueString value="default: final"/>
      </extension>
      <path value="Observation.status"/>
      <short value="registered | preliminary | final | amended +"/>
      <definition value="The status of the result value."/>
      <requirements value="Need to track the status of individual results - some results are finalised before the
       whole report is finalised."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <isModifier value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="ObservationStatus"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="Codes providing the status of an observation"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/observation-status"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="OBX-11-observation result status"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="status  Amended &amp; Final are differentiated by whether it is the subject of a ControlAct
         event with a type of &quot;revise&quot;"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/ExtensionDefinition/profile-display-hint">
        <valueString value="default: ok"/>
      </extension>
      <path value="Observation.reliability"/>
      <short value="ok | ongoing | early | questionable | calibrating | error +"/>
      <definition value="An estimate of the degree to which quality issues have impacted on the value reported."/>
      <comments value="Note that in most contexts, unreliable results are not recorded, deleted, or otherwise
       excluded, but it's not always possible to exclude them from the record.  If the reliability
       indicator is present, interpreters of a result, whether human or machine, should always
       either be aware of the status or prevented from using the observation without being unaware
       that the reliability is not &quot;ok&quot;."/>
      <requirements value="Not all results are completely reliable, and some are still reported anyway."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <isModifier value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="ObservationReliability"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="Codes that provide an estimate of the degree to which quality issues have impacted on
         the value of an observation"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/observation-reliability"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="Maybe OBX.8/OBX.9"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="uncertaintyCode"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.bodySite[x]"/>
      <short value="Observed body part"/>
      <definition value="Indicates the site on the subject's body where the observation was made ( i.e. the target
       site)."/>
      <comments value="Only used if not implicit in code found in Observation.code."/>
      <requirements value="Knowing where the observation is made is important for tracking if multiple sites are
       possible."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="0"/>
      <type>
        <code value="CodeableConcept"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/BodySite"/>
      </type>
      <binding>
        <name value="BodySite"/>
        <isExtensible value="true"/>
        <conformance value="example"/>
        <description value="Codes describing anatomical locations. May include laterality"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/body-site"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="OBX-20-observation site"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="targetSiteCode"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.method"/>
      <short value="How it was done"/>
      <definition value="Indicates the mechanism used to perform the observation."/>
      <comments value="Only used if not implicit in code for Observation.code."/>
      <requirements value="In some cases, method can impact results and is thus for determining whether results can
       be compared or determining significance of results."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="CodeableConcept"/>
      </type>
      <binding>
        <name value="ObservationMethod"/>
        <isExtensible value="true"/>
        <conformance value="example"/>
        <description value="Methods for simple observations"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/observation-methods"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="OBX-17-observation method"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="methodCode"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.identifier"/>
      <short value="Unique Id for this particular observation"/>
      <definition value="A unique identifier for the simple observation."/>
      <requirements value="Allows observations to be distinguished and referenced."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Identifier"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="OBX.21"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="id"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.identifier.id"/>
      <representation value="xmlAttr"/>
      <short value="xml:id (or equivalent in JSON)"/>
      <definition value="unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="id"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.identifier.extension"/>
      <short value="Additional Content defined by implementations"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a
       strict set of governance  applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any
       implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL
       be met as part of the definition of the extension."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.identifier.use"/>
      <short value="usual | official | temp | secondary (If known)"/>
      <definition value="The purpose of this identifier."/>
      <comments value="This is labeled as &quot;Is Modifier&quot; because applications should not mistake a temporary
       id for a permanent one. Applications can assume that an identifier is permanent unless
       it explicitly says that it is temporary."/>
      <requirements value="Allows the appropriate identifier for a particular context of use to be selected from
       among a set of identifiers."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <fixedCode value="official"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <isModifier value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="IdentifierUse"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="Identifies the purpose for this identifier, if known"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/identifier-use"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="N/A"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="Role.code or implied by context"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.identifier.label"/>
      <short value="Description of identifier"/>
      <definition value="A text string for the identifier that can be displayed to a human so they can recognize
       the identifier."/>
      <requirements value="Allows humans to make use of identifiers when the identifier system is not known."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <fixedString value="Lab test result ID"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="CX.5"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="Role.title or implied by context"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.identifier.system"/>
      <short value="Lab URI"/>
      <definition value="The URI for the laboratory Issuing the report.  This establishes the namespace in which
       set of possible id values is unique."/>
      <requirements value="There are many sequences of identifiers.  To perform matching, we need to know what sequence
       we're dealing with. The system identifies a particular sequence or set of unique identifiers."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <exampleUri value="http://www.acme.com/identifiers/patient or urn:ietf:rfc:3986 if the id itself is a full
       uri"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="CX.4 / EI-2-4"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="II.root or Role.id.root"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="servd"/>
        <map value="./IdentifierType"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.identifier.value"/>
      <short value="The value that is unique"/>
      <definition value="The portion of the identifier typically displayed to the user and which is unique within
       the context of the system."/>
      <comments value="If the value is a full URI, then the system SHALL be urn:ietf:rfc:3986."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <exampleString value="123456"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="CX.1 / EI.1"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="II.extension or II.root if system indicates OID or GUID (Or Role.id.extension or root)"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="servd"/>
        <map value="./Value"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.identifier.period"/>
      <short value="Time period when id is/was valid for use"/>
      <definition value="Time period during which identifier is/was valid for use."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Period"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="CX.7 + CX.8"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="Role.effectiveTime or implied by context"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="servd"/>
        <map value="./StartDate and ./EndDate"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.identifier.assigner"/>
      <short value="Organization that issued id (may be just text)"/>
      <definition value="Organization that issued/manages the identifier."/>
      <comments value="The reference may be just a text description of the assigner."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/Organization"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="CX.4 / (CX.4,CX.9,CX.10)"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="II.assigningAuthorityName but note that this is an improper use by the definition of the
         field.  Also Role.scoper"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="servd"/>
        <map value="./IdentifierIssuingAuthority"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.subject"/>
      <short value="Who and/or what this is about"/>
      <definition value="The patient, or group of patients, location, or device whose characteristics (direct or
       indirect) are described by the observation and into whose record the observation is placed.
        Comments: Indirect characteristics may be those of a specimen, fetus, other observer
       (for example a relative or EMT), or any observation made about the subject."/>
      <comments value="The only circumstance in which the subject can be missing is when the observation is made
       by a device that does not know the patient. In this case, the observation SHALL be matched
       to a patient through some context/channel matching technique, and at this point, the observation
       should be updated.  If the target of the observation is different than the subject, the
       general extension (http://hl7.org/fhir/ExtensionDefinition/indirectTarget) can  be used."/>
      <requirements value="Observations have no value if you don't know who or what they're about."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/patient-uslab-uslabpatient"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/patient-uslab-uslabphpatient"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="PID-3-patient ID list"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="participation[typeCode=SBJ]"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.specimen"/>
      <short value="Specimen used for this observation"/>
      <definition value="The specimen that was used when this observation was made."/>
      <comments value="Observations are not made on specimens themselves; they are made on a subject, but usually
       by the means of a specimen. Note that although specimens are often involved, they are
       not always tracked and reported explicitly. Also note that observation resources are often
       used in contexts that track the specimen explicitly (e.g. Diagnostic Report)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/spec-uslab-uslabspec"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="participation[typeCode=SPC].specimen"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.performer"/>
      <slicing>
        <discriminator value="type@profile"/>
        <ordered value="true"/>
        <rules value="openAtEnd"/>
      </slicing>
      <short value="Who did the observation"/>
      <definition value="Who was responsible for asserting the observed value as &quot;true&quot;."/>
      <requirements value="May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up
       questions should be directed."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/Practitioner"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/Organization"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/Patient"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/RelatedPerson"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="OBX.15 / (Practitioner)  OBX-16-responsible observer,  PRT-5-participation person:PRT-4-participatio
        n='RO' /  (Device)  OBX-18-equipment instance identifier , PRT-10-participation device:PRT-4-particip
        ation='EQUIP' / (Organization)  OBX-23-performing organization name,  PRT-8-participation
         organization:PRT-4-participation='PO'"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="participation[typeCode=PRF]"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.performer"/>
      <name value="USLabPerformingLabSlice"/>
      <short value="Who did the observation"/>
      <definition value="Who was responsible for asserting the observed value as &quot;true&quot;."/>
      <requirements value="May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up
       questions should be directed."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/org-uslab-uslabperforminglab"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="OBX.15 / (Practitioner)  OBX-16-responsible observer,  PRT-5-participation person:PRT-4-participatio
        n='RO' /  (Device)  OBX-18-equipment instance identifier , PRT-10-participation device:PRT-4-particip
        ation='EQUIP' / (Organization)  OBX-23-performing organization name,  PRT-8-participation
         organization:PRT-4-participation='PO'"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="participation[typeCode=PRF]"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.device"/>
      <short value="(Measurement) Device"/>
      <definition value="The device used to generate the observation data."/>
      <comments value="An extension should be used if further typing of the device is needed.  Devices used to
       support obtaining an observation can be represented using either extension or through
       the Observation.related element."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/Device"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/DeviceMetric"/>
      </type>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.encounter"/>
      <short value="Healthcare event during which this observation is made"/>
      <definition value="The healthcare event  ( e.g. a patient and healthcare provider interaction ) during which
       this observation is made."/>
      <requirements value="For some observations it may be important to know the link between an observation and
       a particular encounter."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/Encounter"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="PV1"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="Encounter[moodCode=EVN]"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange"/>
      <short value="Provides guide for interpretation"/>
      <definition value="Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range."/>
      <comments value="Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict
       to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g.
       specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this may not be
       possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences
       between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties."/>
      <requirements value="Knowing what values are considered &quot;normal&quot; can help evaluate the significance
       of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different
       contexts."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <constraint>
        <key value="obs-3"/>
        <name value="reference range"/>
        <severity value="error"/>
        <human value="Must have at least a low or a high or text"/>
        <xpath value="(exists(f:low) or exists(f:high)or exists(f:text))"/>
      </constraint>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="outboundRelationship[typeCode=REFV]/target[classCode=OBS, moodCode=EVN]"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.id"/>
      <representation value="xmlAttr"/>
      <short value="xml:id (or equivalent in JSON)"/>
      <definition value="unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="id"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.extension"/>
      <short value="Additional Content defined by implementations"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a
       strict set of governance  applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any
       implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL
       be met as part of the definition of the extension."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.modifierExtension"/>
      <short value="Extensions that cannot be ignored"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element, and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it. Usually
       modifier elements provide negation or qualification. In order to make the use of extensions
       safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and
       use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is
       a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications
       processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <synonym value="modifiers"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="N/A"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.low"/>
      <short value="Low Range, if relevant"/>
      <definition value="The value of the low bound of the reference range. If this element is omitted, the low
       bound of the reference range is assumed to be meaningless. (e.g. reference range is &lt;2.3)
        If the low.comparator element is missing, it is assumed to be '&gt;'."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Quantity"/>
      </type>
      <condition value="obs-3"/>
      <condition value="obs-4"/>
      <constraint>
        <key value="obs-4"/>
        <name value="low range comparators"/>
        <severity value="error"/>
        <human value="Low range comparators can only be '&gt;' or '&gt;=' or empty"/>
        <xpath value="not(exists(f:comparator)) or boolean(f:comparator/@value = '&lt;') or boolean(f:comparator/@value
         = '&lt;=')"/>
      </constraint>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="OBX-7-references range"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="value:IVL_PQ.low"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.low.id"/>
      <representation value="xmlAttr"/>
      <short value="xml:id (or equivalent in JSON)"/>
      <definition value="unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="id"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.low.extension"/>
      <short value="Additional Content defined by implementations"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a
       strict set of governance  applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any
       implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL
       be met as part of the definition of the extension."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.low.value"/>
      <short value="Numerical value (with implicit precision)"/>
      <definition value="The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation
       of the value."/>
      <comments value="The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their
       own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books)."/>
      <requirements value="Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="decimal"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="SN.2  / CQ - N/A"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="PQ.value, CO.value, MO.value, IVL.high or IVL.low depending on the value"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.low.comparator"/>
      <short value="&lt; | &lt;= | &gt;= | &gt; - how to understand the value"/>
      <definition value="How the value should be understood and represented - whether the actual value is greater
       or less than the stated value due to measurement issues. E.g. if the comparator is &quot;&lt;&quot;
       , then the real value is &lt; stated value."/>
      <comments value="This is labeled as &quot;Is Modifier&quot; because the comparator modifies the interpretation
       of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of
       the value."/>
      <requirements value="Need a framework for handling measures where the value is &lt;5ug/L or &gt;400mg/L due
       to the limitations of measuring methodology."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <isModifier value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="QuantityComparator"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="How the Quantity should be understood and represented"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/quantity-comparator"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="SN.1  / CQ.1"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="IVL properties"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.low.units"/>
      <short value="Unit representation"/>
      <definition value="A human-readable form of the units."/>
      <requirements value="There are many representations for units and in many contexts, particular representations
       are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="(see OBX.6 etc) / CQ.2"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="PQ.unit"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.low.system"/>
      <short value="System that defines coded unit form"/>
      <definition value="The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit."/>
      <requirements value="Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <fixedUri value="http://unitsofmeasure.org"/>
      <condition value="qty-3"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="(see OBX.6 etc) / CQ.2"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="CO.codeSystem, PQ.translation.codeSystem"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.low.code"/>
      <short value="Coded form of the unit"/>
      <definition value="A computer processable form of the units in some unit representation system."/>
      <comments value="The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or
       ISO 4217 for currency.  The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular
       system."/>
      <requirements value="Need a computable form of the units that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this
       for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="USLabUCUM"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="UCUM Codes for units of measure"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/units"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="(see OBX.6 etc) / CQ.2"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="PQ.code, MO.currency, PQ.translation.code"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.high"/>
      <short value="High Range, if relevant"/>
      <definition value="The value of the high bound of the reference range. If this element is omitted, the high
       bound of the reference range is assumed to be meaningless. (e.g. reference range is &gt;
       5)  If the low.comparator element is missing , it is assumed to be '&lt;'."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Quantity"/>
      </type>
      <condition value="obs-3"/>
      <condition value="obs-5"/>
      <constraint>
        <key value="obs-5"/>
        <name value="high range comparators"/>
        <severity value="error"/>
        <human value="High range comparators can only be '&lt;' or '&lt;=' or empty"/>
        <xpath value="not(exists(f:comparator)) or boolean(f:comparator/@value = '&gt;') or boolean(f:comparator/@value
         = '&gt;=')"/>
      </constraint>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="OBX-7-references range"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="value:IVL_PQ.high"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.high.id"/>
      <representation value="xmlAttr"/>
      <short value="xml:id (or equivalent in JSON)"/>
      <definition value="unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="id"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.high.extension"/>
      <short value="Additional Content defined by implementations"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a
       strict set of governance  applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any
       implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL
       be met as part of the definition of the extension."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.high.value"/>
      <short value="Numerical value (with implicit precision)"/>
      <definition value="The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation
       of the value."/>
      <comments value="The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their
       own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books)."/>
      <requirements value="Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="decimal"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="SN.2  / CQ - N/A"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="PQ.value, CO.value, MO.value, IVL.high or IVL.low depending on the value"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.high.comparator"/>
      <short value="&lt; | &lt;= | &gt;= | &gt; - how to understand the value"/>
      <definition value="How the value should be understood and represented - whether the actual value is greater
       or less than the stated value due to measurement issues. E.g. if the comparator is &quot;&lt;&quot;
       , then the real value is &lt; stated value."/>
      <comments value="This is labeled as &quot;Is Modifier&quot; because the comparator modifies the interpretation
       of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of
       the value."/>
      <requirements value="Need a framework for handling measures where the value is &lt;5ug/L or &gt;400mg/L due
       to the limitations of measuring methodology."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <isModifier value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="QuantityComparator"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="How the Quantity should be understood and represented"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/quantity-comparator"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="SN.1  / CQ.1"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="IVL properties"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.high.units"/>
      <short value="Unit representation"/>
      <definition value="A human-readable form of the units."/>
      <requirements value="There are many representations for units and in many contexts, particular representations
       are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="(see OBX.6 etc) / CQ.2"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="PQ.unit"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.high.system"/>
      <short value="System that defines coded unit form"/>
      <definition value="The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit."/>
      <requirements value="Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <fixedUri value="http://unitsofmeasure.org"/>
      <condition value="qty-3"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="(see OBX.6 etc) / CQ.2"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="CO.codeSystem, PQ.translation.codeSystem"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.high.code"/>
      <short value="Coded form of the unit"/>
      <definition value="A computer processable form of the units in some unit representation system."/>
      <comments value="The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or
       ISO 4217 for currency.  The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular
       system."/>
      <requirements value="Need a computable form of the units that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this
       for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="USLabUCUM"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="UCUM Codes for units of measure"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/units"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="(see OBX.6 etc) / CQ.2"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="PQ.code, MO.currency, PQ.translation.code"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.meaning"/>
      <short value="Indicates the meaning/use of this range of this range"/>
      <definition value="Code for the meaning of the reference range."/>
      <comments value="This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range."/>
      <requirements value="Need to be able to say what kind of reference range this is - normal, recommended, therapeutic,
       or perhaps what state this reference range applies to (i.e. age, hormonal cycles, etc.)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="CodeableConcept"/>
      </type>
      <binding>
        <name value="ObservationRangeMeaning"/>
        <isExtensible value="true"/>
        <conformance value="example"/>
        <description value="Code for the meaning of a reference range"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/referencerange-meaning"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="OBX-10-nature of abnormal test?"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="interpretationCode"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age"/>
      <short value="Applicable age range, if relevant"/>
      <definition value="The age at which this reference range is applicable. This is a neonatal age (e.g. number
       of weeks at term) if the meaning says so."/>
      <requirements value="Some analytes vary greatly over age."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Range"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="outboundRelationship[typeCode=PRCN].targetObservationCriterion[code=&quot;age&quot;].value"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.id"/>
      <representation value="xmlAttr"/>
      <short value="xml:id (or equivalent in JSON)"/>
      <definition value="unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="id"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.extension"/>
      <short value="Additional Content defined by implementations"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a
       strict set of governance  applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any
       implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL
       be met as part of the definition of the extension."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.low"/>
      <short value="Low limit"/>
      <definition value="The low limit. The boundary is inclusive."/>
      <comments value="If the low element is missing, the low boundary is not known."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Quantity"/>
      </type>
      <condition value="rng-2"/>
      <condition value="rng-3"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="NR.1"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="./low"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.low.id"/>
      <representation value="xmlAttr"/>
      <short value="xml:id (or equivalent in JSON)"/>
      <definition value="unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="id"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.low.extension"/>
      <short value="Additional Content defined by implementations"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a
       strict set of governance  applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any
       implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL
       be met as part of the definition of the extension."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.low.value"/>
      <short value="Numerical value (with implicit precision)"/>
      <definition value="The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation
       of the value."/>
      <comments value="The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their
       own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books)."/>
      <requirements value="Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="decimal"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="SN.2  / CQ - N/A"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="PQ.value, CO.value, MO.value, IVL.high or IVL.low depending on the value"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.low.comparator"/>
      <short value="&lt; | &lt;= | &gt;= | &gt; - how to understand the value"/>
      <definition value="How the value should be understood and represented - whether the actual value is greater
       or less than the stated value due to measurement issues. E.g. if the comparator is &quot;&lt;&quot;
       , then the real value is &lt; stated value."/>
      <comments value="This is labeled as &quot;Is Modifier&quot; because the comparator modifies the interpretation
       of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of
       the value."/>
      <requirements value="Need a framework for handling measures where the value is &lt;5ug/L or &gt;400mg/L due
       to the limitations of measuring methodology."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <isModifier value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="QuantityComparator"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="How the Quantity should be understood and represented"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/quantity-comparator"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="SN.1  / CQ.1"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="IVL properties"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.low.units"/>
      <short value="Unit representation"/>
      <definition value="A human-readable form of the units."/>
      <requirements value="There are many representations for units and in many contexts, particular representations
       are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="(see OBX.6 etc) / CQ.2"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="PQ.unit"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.low.system"/>
      <short value="System that defines coded unit form"/>
      <definition value="The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit."/>
      <requirements value="Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <fixedUri value="http://unitsofmeasure.org"/>
      <condition value="qty-3"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="(see OBX.6 etc) / CQ.2"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="CO.codeSystem, PQ.translation.codeSystem"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.low.code"/>
      <short value="Coded form of the unit"/>
      <definition value="A computer processable form of the units in some unit representation system."/>
      <comments value="The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or
       ISO 4217 for currency.  The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular
       system."/>
      <requirements value="Need a computable form of the units that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this
       for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="CCDAAgeCodes"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="A valueSet of UCUM codes for representing age value units"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/ccdaagecodes"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="(see OBX.6 etc) / CQ.2"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="PQ.code, MO.currency, PQ.translation.code"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.high"/>
      <short value="High limit"/>
      <definition value="The high limit. The boundary is inclusive."/>
      <comments value="If the high element is missing, the high boundary is not known."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Quantity"/>
      </type>
      <condition value="rng-2"/>
      <condition value="rng-3"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="NR.2"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="./high"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.high.id"/>
      <representation value="xmlAttr"/>
      <short value="xml:id (or equivalent in JSON)"/>
      <definition value="unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="id"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.high.extension"/>
      <short value="Additional Content defined by implementations"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a
       strict set of governance  applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any
       implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL
       be met as part of the definition of the extension."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.high.value"/>
      <short value="Numerical value (with implicit precision)"/>
      <definition value="The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation
       of the value."/>
      <comments value="The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their
       own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books)."/>
      <requirements value="Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="decimal"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="SN.2  / CQ - N/A"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="PQ.value, CO.value, MO.value, IVL.high or IVL.low depending on the value"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.high.comparator"/>
      <short value="&lt; | &lt;= | &gt;= | &gt; - how to understand the value"/>
      <definition value="How the value should be understood and represented - whether the actual value is greater
       or less than the stated value due to measurement issues. E.g. if the comparator is &quot;&lt;&quot;
       , then the real value is &lt; stated value."/>
      <comments value="This is labeled as &quot;Is Modifier&quot; because the comparator modifies the interpretation
       of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of
       the value."/>
      <requirements value="Need a framework for handling measures where the value is &lt;5ug/L or &gt;400mg/L due
       to the limitations of measuring methodology."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <isModifier value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="QuantityComparator"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="How the Quantity should be understood and represented"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/quantity-comparator"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="SN.1  / CQ.1"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="IVL properties"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.high.units"/>
      <short value="Unit representation"/>
      <definition value="A human-readable form of the units."/>
      <requirements value="There are many representations for units and in many contexts, particular representations
       are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="(see OBX.6 etc) / CQ.2"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="PQ.unit"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.high.system"/>
      <short value="System that defines coded unit form"/>
      <definition value="The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit."/>
      <requirements value="Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <fixedUri value="http://unitsofmeasure.org"/>
      <condition value="qty-3"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="(see OBX.6 etc) / CQ.2"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="CO.codeSystem, PQ.translation.codeSystem"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.high.code"/>
      <short value="Coded form of the unit"/>
      <definition value="A computer processable form of the units in some unit representation system."/>
      <comments value="The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or
       ISO 4217 for currency.  The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular
       system."/>
      <requirements value="Need a computable form of the units that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this
       for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="CCDAAgeCodes"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="A valueSet of UCUM codes for representing age value units"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/ccdaagecodes"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="(see OBX.6 etc) / CQ.2"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="PQ.code, MO.currency, PQ.translation.code"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.text"/>
      <short value="Text based reference range in an observation"/>
      <definition value="Text based reference range in an observation which may be used when a quantitative range
       is not appropriate for an observation.  An example would be a reference value of &quot;Negative&quot
      ; or a list or table of 'normals'."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.related"/>
      <short value="Observations related to this observation"/>
      <definition value="Related observations - either components, or previous observations, or statements of derivation."/>
      <comments value="Normally, an observation will have either a value or a set of related observations. A
       few observations (e.g. apgar store) may have both a value and related observations (for
       apgar, the observations from which the measure is derived)."/>
      <requirements value="Some observations have important relationships to other observations (e.g Blood Pressure
       = systolic + diastolic), or are derived from other observations (e.g. calculated apgar
       score)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="Relationships established by OBX-4 usage"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="outBoundRelationship"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.related.id"/>
      <representation value="xmlAttr"/>
      <short value="xml:id (or equivalent in JSON)"/>
      <definition value="unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="id"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.related.extension"/>
      <short value="Additional Content defined by implementations"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a
       strict set of governance  applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any
       implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL
       be met as part of the definition of the extension."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="n/a"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.related.modifierExtension"/>
      <short value="Extensions that cannot be ignored"/>
      <definition value="May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition
       of the element, and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it. Usually
       modifier elements provide negation or qualification. In order to make the use of extensions
       safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and
       use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is
       a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications
       processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions."/>
      <comments value="There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project,
       or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions.
        The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of
       simplicity for everyone."/>
      <synonym value="extensions"/>
      <synonym value="user content"/>
      <synonym value="modifiers"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value="N/A"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.related.type"/>
      <short value="has-component | has-member | derived-from | sequel-to | replaces | qualified-by | interfered-by"/>
      <definition value="A code specifying the kind of relationship that exists with the target observation."/>
      <comments value="A relationship type SHOULD be provided. If the relationship type is &quot;COMP&quot; (composed),
       then the observation should not be displayed/interpreted in the absence of the related
       observations."/>
      <requirements value="May need to indicate whether this observation is composed of others, or merely derived
       from them."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <binding>
        <name value="ObservationRelationshipType"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="Codes specifying how two observations are related"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/observation-relationshiptypes"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="v2"/>
        <map value="N/A"/>
      </mapping>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value=".typeCode"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.related.target"/>
      <short value="Observation that is related to this one"/>
      <definition value="A reference to the observation that is related to this observation."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/Observation"/>
      </type>
      <mapping>
        <identity value="rim"/>
        <map value=".targetObservation"/>
      </mapping>
    </element>
  </snapshot>
  <differential>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation"/>
      <name value="USLabObsRatio"/>
      <short value="US Realm quantitative laboratory result"/>
      <definition value="US Realm clinical quantitative laboratory results to ordering providers in the ambulatory
       care setting and &quot;reportable&quot; laboratory test results to local public health
       agencies."/>
      <synonym value="Obs"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension"/>
      <slicing>
        <discriminator value="url"/>
        <ordered value="false"/>
        <rules value="open"/>
      </slicing>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension"/>
      <name value="USLabSpecimenRejectReason"/>
      <short value="Specimen Rejection Reason"/>
      <definition value="Specimen Rejection Reason."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/ExtensionDefinition/uslabspecimenrejectreason"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension.valueCodeableConcept"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension.valueCodeableConcept.coding"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension.valueCodeableConcept.coding.system"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension.valueCodeableConcept.coding.code"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension.valueCodeableConcept.coding.display"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension.valueCodeableConcept.text"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.extension"/>
      <name value="USLabObservationKind"/>
      <short value="Kind of observation"/>
      <definition value="Kind of observation."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Extension"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/ExtensionDefinition/uslabobservationkind"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code"/>
      <short value="US Realm Laboratory Test Name"/>
      <definition value="The laboratory test that was performed."/>
      <synonym value="test"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <constraint>
        <key value="inv-2"/>
        <name value="LOINC or Local"/>
        <severity value="error"/>
        <human value="Must have a LOINC or a Local code or both."/>
        <xpath value="exists(f:coding)"/>
      </constraint>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding"/>
      <slicing>
        <discriminator value="system"/>
        <ordered value="false"/>
        <rules value="open"/>
      </slicing>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding"/>
      <name value="USLabLOINCCoding"/>
      <short value="LOINC coding if available"/>
      <definition value="LOINC coding if available."/>
      <synonym value="LOINC code"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <condition value="inv-2"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.system"/>
      <short value="LOINC Coding System"/>
      <definition value="LOINC Coding System."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <fixedUri value="http://loinc.org"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.code"/>
      <short value="LOINC"/>
      <definition value="Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) is a database and universal standard
       for identifying medical laboratory observations."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.display"/>
      <short value="LOINC Display Name"/>
      <definition value="The LOINC  'long common name' is preferred although the LOINC 'short name' or the LOINC
       'fully-specified name can also be used.  ( http://lionc.org.terms-of-use)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding"/>
      <name value="USLabLocalCoding"/>
      <synonym value="Local"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <condition value="inv-2"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.system"/>
      <short value="Local Coding System"/>
      <definition value="This is defined locally."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.code"/>
      <short value="Local Code"/>
      <definition value="Local Code."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.coding.display"/>
      <short value="local Code Display name"/>
      <definition value="This is defined locally."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.code.text"/>
      <short value="Display text"/>
      <definition value="This is the laboratory defined display text for the lab test if different from the code
       display text(s)."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.valueRatio"/>
      <short value="Titre value"/>
      <definition value="This is the actual titer result.  The Ratio data type is used for titers (e.g., &quot;1:128&quot;)
       and other quantities produced by laboratories that truly represent ratios."/>
      <synonym value="titers"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.valueRatio.numerator"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.valueRatio.denominator"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.dataAbsentReason"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="USLabObsInterpretation"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="Codes identifying interpretations of observations"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/obs-uslab-interpretation"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation.coding"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation.coding.system"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.interpretation.coding.code"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.applies[x]"/>
      <short value="For lab tests this is the specimen collection date.  For AOE's this is the date the question
       was asked."/>
      <definition value="For lab tests this is the specimen collection date.  For AOE's this is the date the question
       was asked."/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <condition value="inv-1"/>
      <constraint>
        <key value="inv-1"/>
        <name value="datetime to Day"/>
        <severity value="error"/>
        <human value="Datetime must be at least to day."/>
        <xpath value="f:matches(./\d{4}-[01]\d-[0-3]\dT[0-2]\d:[0-5]\d([+-][0-2]\d:[0-5]\d|Z)/)"/>
      </constraint>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.issued"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <condition value="inv-3"/>
      <constraint>
        <key value="inv-3"/>
        <name value="datetime to Day"/>
        <severity value="error"/>
        <human value="Datetime must be at least to day."/>
        <xpath value="f:matches(./\d{4}-[01]\d-[0-3]\dT[0-2]\d:[0-5]\d([+-][0-2]\d:[0-5]\d|Z)/)"/>
      </constraint>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.status"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.bodySite[x]"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="0"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.identifier"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.identifier.use"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="code"/>
      </type>
      <fixedCode value="official"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.identifier.label"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="string"/>
      </type>
      <fixedString value="Lab test result ID"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.identifier.system"/>
      <short value="Lab URI"/>
      <definition value="The URI for the laboratory Issuing the report.  This establishes the namespace in which
       set of possible id values is unique."/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.identifier.value"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.subject"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/patient-uslab-uslabpatient"/>
      </type>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/patient-uslab-uslabphpatient"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.specimen"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="*"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/spec-uslab-uslabspec"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.performer"/>
      <slicing>
        <discriminator value="type@profile"/>
        <ordered value="true"/>
        <rules value="openAtEnd"/>
      </slicing>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.performer"/>
      <name value="USLabPerformingLabSlice"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="Reference"/>
        <profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/org-uslab-uslabperforminglab"/>
      </type>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.low"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.low.system"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <fixedUri value="http://unitsofmeasure.org"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.low.code"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="USLabUCUM"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="UCUM Codes for units of measure"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/units"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.high"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.high.system"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <fixedUri value="http://unitsofmeasure.org"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.high.code"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="USLabUCUM"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="UCUM Codes for units of measure"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/units"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.low"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.low.system"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <fixedUri value="http://unitsofmeasure.org"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.low.code"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="CCDAAgeCodes"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="A valueSet of UCUM codes for representing age value units"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/ccdaagecodes"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.high"/>
      <min value="0"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.high.system"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <type>
        <code value="uri"/>
      </type>
      <fixedUri value="http://unitsofmeasure.org"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
    </element>
    <element>
      <path value="Observation.referenceRange.age.high.code"/>
      <min value="1"/>
      <max value="1"/>
      <mustSupport value="true"/>
      <binding>
        <name value="CCDAAgeCodes"/>
        <isExtensible value="false"/>
        <conformance value="required"/>
        <description value="A valueSet of UCUM codes for representing age value units"/>
        <referenceReference>
          <reference value="http://hl7.org/fhir/vs/ccdaagecodes"/>
        </referenceReference>
      </binding>
    </element>
  </differential>
</Profile>